Morphology

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Agreement

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An inflectional property of words in some languages, reflecting a property of another word in the sentence (eg. subject/verb agreement)

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Allomorph

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A physical production of a morpheme; some morphemes have multiple allomorphs - they are pronounced in different ways depending on the context

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Case

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An inflectional property of nouns in some languages, signalling their role in a sentence, relative to one another or the main verb

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Derivation

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Process: Generating new meanings or words in a language

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Endocentric

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Compound: Meaning is derived from the meaning of its head

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Exocentric

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Compound: Meaning is not derived from the meaning of its head

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Gender

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An inflectional property of nouns in some languages; categorizing them into two or more types

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Head

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The component of a compound from which it derives its word class

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Inflection

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Process: modifying a word's meaning in minor, grammatical ways (noun number, case, verb tense)

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Productivity

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The extent to which an affix or other process can apply to all the words in a class (eg all nouns)

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Reduplication

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Signalling a meaning shift by copying all (full) or part (partial) of the base

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Transparency

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How consistent is the effect of an affix on the meaning of the word it attaches to (more consistent=more transparent)

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Affix

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Bound form that does not carry lexical content

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Base

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Form which affixes attach to

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Bound form

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Unit that must be attached to a neighbouring unit

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Clitic

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Bound form which carries lexical meaning (like a stem)

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Complex form

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Form containing more than one morpheme

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Free form

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Unit that can be moved around in an utterance independently of its neighbours

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Infix

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An affix that attaches in the interior of its base

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Morpheme

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Minimal meaning-bearing form in a language

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Prefix

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An affix that attaches to the beginning of its base

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Root

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Stem

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Stem

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Morpheme at the core of the word, to which affixes are attached.

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Suffix

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Affix attaching to the end of its base

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Word

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Minimal free form in a language

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Ablaut

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Internal change where a single vowel is altered

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Acronym

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Creating a new word from the initial letters or sounds, pronouncing them as a new word

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Back-formation

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Using a truncated version of a word to carry a different (but related) meaning

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Blending

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Forming a new word by combining two existing words while discarding part of one or both forms

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Borrowing

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Creating a new word by adapting a word from another language

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Clipping

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Using a truncated version of a word to carry the same meaning

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Compound

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A complex form containing more than one stem

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Conversion

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Changing meaning (usually word category, like V-N) without changing the phonetic form

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Eponym

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Creating a new word from the name of a person, place or event

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Initialism

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Creating a new word from the initial letters or sounds of two or more words, pronouncing the name of the letters

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Internal change

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Processes changing the form of a word by altering some or all of the sounds of the stem

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Onomatopoeia

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Creating a new word whose pronunciation reflects a property of the concept being referred to

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Partial suppletion

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Internal change: more than one, but not all, of the sounds in a word is changed.

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Stress shift

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Process: Indicates meaning change by moving stress, often categorized under conversion because the segmental content is unaffected

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Suppletion

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Signalling a meaning shift by change of an entire form for a different form

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Umlaut

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Combination of ablaut and affixation

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Agglutinating

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Words contain several morphemes, but generally maintain a single word category

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Analytic

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Isolating

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Fusional

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Individual grammatical morphemes tend to contain several units of meaning

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Isolating

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A language type characterized by the absence of bound forms; every word contains a single morpheme

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Polysynthetic

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Words contain several morphemes, often forming a whole sentence in a single word