Morphology

Front 1

Canal size

Back 1

At 1 mm from the apex, the range in small canals was ~ 200 to 400 microns. In large canals the range was ~300 to 500 microns.

Green EN. JADA 1958.

Front 2

Accessory canals

Back 2

27.4% of the teeth studied (1140) had either lateral, secondary, or accessory canals(17% apical; 8.8% body, 1.6% base of the roots)

DeDeus QD. J Endod 1975.

Front 3

Furcation canals

Back 3

Accessory canals were demonstrated in the furcation region 28.4% of the total sample; 29.4% in mandibular molars, and 27.4% in maxillary molars.

Gutmann JL. J Periodontol 1978

Front 4

Dens invaginatus

Back 4

- 0.3 to 10%

- Most common in maxillary lateral incisors

- 79% Type I, 15% Type II and 5% Type III

Hulsmann IEJ 1997, Alani and Bishop IEJ 2008,

Front 5

Isthmuses

Back 5

Weller et al JOE 1995: 4mm sections had isthmuses 100% of the time (MB root of max first molar). The concept of partial isthmus was introduced

Teixeira et al IEJ 2004: Of the isthmuses present, 22% were complete and 37% partial in mandibular molars and 17.3% were complete and 11.7%partial in maxillary molars (Mand and max molars).

Front 6

Anatomy of the pulp chamber floor

Back 6

-Law of symmetry 1, 2, law of orifice location 1-3, law of color change.

Krasner P, Rankow HJ. J Endod 2004

Front 7

Deutsch and Musikant JOE 2004 (molars)

Back 7

The pulp chamber ceiling was atthe level of the cementoenamel junction in maxillary, 98%, and mandibular, 97% of the specimens.

Front 8

Deutsch et al JOE 2005 (premolars)

Back 8

The only measurement that was statistically the same across maxillary molars, mandibular molars and bicuspids was measurement “B,” pulp chamber ceiling to furcation.

Front 9

Lee et al JOE 2007 (anterior teeth)

Back 9

The distance from the lingual surface to the pulp chamber in anterior teeth varied from 4.4 to 5.9mm.

Front 10

C shaped root canals

Back 10

Fan et al 2008: The prevalence C-shaped roots in mandibular first premolar was 24%.

Cooke and Cox 1979: case report.

Melton et al 1991: original classification.

Fan et al 2004: new classification.

Zheng et al IEJ 2011: 39% prevalence in 2nd molars in Chinese population (Weine 1998: 7.6%)

Front 11

MMC

Back 11

Anthony and Vertucci 1974

Fabra-campos IEJ 1989: in vivo, 2.6%

Nosrat et al JOE 2015: in vivo, 15%

Azim et al JOE 2015: in vivo, 46% (troughing)

Front 12

Radix Entomolaris and paramolaris

Back 12

Carlsen and Alexandersen Scand J D R 1990 and 1991.

Calberson et al IEJ 2004.

Front 13

Relationship of apex to foramen

Back 13

Kuttler 1955: : The average distancefrom the minor diameter to the apical foramen is 0.52 mm inyounger individuals and 0.66 mm in older individuals. The average deviation of apical foramen from apex was 68% in younger group and 80%in older group.

Burch and Hulen 1972: 92.4% of the major foramina of all classes of teethdeviated from the anatomic apex. Theaverage distance between the foramen and the anatomic root apex was 0.59 mm

Front 14

Maxillary centrals, laterals and canines

Back 14

100% 1 canal

Pineda and Kuttler 1972

Vertucci 1984

Front 15

Maxillary first premolar

Back 15

9% 1 canal

85 % 2 canals (type II 13%, type III 72%)

6% 3 canals

Carnes and Skidmore 1973

Front 16

Maxillary second premolar

Back 16

40.3% 1 canal

58.6% 2 canals

Bellizzi and Hartwell 1985

Front 17

MB root of maxillary first molar

Back 17

96% 2 canals

(type I 4.8%, type II 49.4%, type III 45.8%)

Kulild and Peters 1990

56.8% 2 canals, 43.1% 1 canal

Cleghorn et al 2006

Front 18

MB root of maxillary second molar

Back 18

93.7% 2 canals

(type I 4.8%, type II 49.4%, type III 45.8%)

Kulild and Peters 1990

56.9% 3-3, 22.7% 3-4, 9% 3 roots 2 canals (MB and DB combine), 6.9% 2-2, 3.1% 1-1, 1.4% 4-4.

Peikoff et al 1996

Front 19

Mandibular central and lateral incisors

Back 19

60% 1 canal, 40% 2 canals, 98% 1 foramen

Benjamin and Dawson 1974

Front 20

Mandibular canines

Back 20

20% 2 canals

Vertucci 1974

Front 21

Mandibular first premolars

Back 21

Zillich and Dawson 1973: 22% 2 canals

Cleghorn et al 2007: 2 canals 24%

Front 22

Mandibular second premolars

Back 22

Zillich and Dawson 1973: 12% 2 canals

Cleghorn et al 2007: 9.1% 2 canals

Front 23

Mandibular first molar

Back 23

65% 3 canals

35% 4 canals

Hartwell and Bellizzi 1982

M root: Type II -40%, Type III - 60%

D root: Type II - 60%, Type III - 40%

Skidmore and Bjorndal 1971

Front 24

Mandibular second molar

Back 24

89% 3 canals

6% 4 canals

Hartwell and Bellizzi 1982

Front 25

Canal curvature

Back 25

-Schneider 1971

-Pruett, Clement, Carnes 1997