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520 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
lens subluxation associated conditions
|
marfans
homocystinuria ehlers danlos weill marhesani TRAUMA |
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most common cause of non-trauma hyphema
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NSAID
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mucormycosis
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life threatening fungal infection in DM or immunocompromised
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ankyloblepharon
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two outer lids stuck together
seen in pemphigoid |
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pemphigoif
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idiopathic
attacks mucous membranes |
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mucous membrane damage (3 conditions)
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pemphigoid
behcet's steven johnsons |
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blepharospasm vs myokymia
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both affect orbisularis oculi
bleph is bilateral myokymia is uni |
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meiges syndrome
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benign blepharospasm with lower facial abnormalities
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most common eye lid cancer
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basal cell carcinoma
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second most common eyelid cancer
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squamous cell carcinoma
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what layer of skin does squamous cell carcinoma affect and what does it start as
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spinosum layer
actinic keratosis |
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canaliculitis
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pouting puncta
actinomyces israeli |
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jones test 1
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use NaFl and wait 5 min to see if drainage is proper
positive results means system is patent |
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jones test 2
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uses saline
only done is jones test 1 is positive |
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cinjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia
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gelatinous mass with nerovasc near limbus
stains with rose bengal most common precursor to conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma |
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serotypes causing EKC
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8, 19
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what is classic sign and symptom of EKC
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pain and keratitis with SEIs
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molluscum cause?
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DNA poxvirus
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allergic conjitis signs and sx
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ithcing, papillae, chemosis, dennie's line
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dennie line indicated what
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atopic dermatitis
|
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classic signs of VKC
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trantas dots
cobblestone papillae shield ulcer |
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when do you see papillae
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allergic
bacterial |
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when do you see follicles
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toxic, viral, chlamydia
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what do you see with a CL soln toxicivity rxn
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SPK, follicles
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what CL material causes corneal warpage
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PMMA
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inclusion conjitis 2^ to chalmydia sx
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follicles-inferior!
CHRONIC---red eye longer than 1 month |
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3 classic signs in trachoma
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FOLLICLES-inferior!
Arlt line on superior palp conk Herbert's pits at limbal conj from resolved follicles |
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SLK systemic cause
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thryoid disease
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most common cause of phlycteulosis
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bleph
staph causes a Type 4 rxn (delayed hypersensitiviity) also sometimes Tb, less common |
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pediculosis
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itching
blood colored debris preauricular lymphadenopathy |
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3 meds causing subconj heme
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NSAID
coumadin viagra |
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stockers line
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iron deposit at leading edge of pterygium
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granulomatous findings in uveitis
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mutton fat KP
koeppe nodules busacca nodules on iris |
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systemic cuases of gran uveitis
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sarcoid
tb |
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tick bacteria
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b.burgdorferi
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difference between basal and squamous cell carcinoma
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basal has telangectatic surface vasculariszation
|
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controllable risk factor for thryroid eye disaese
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smoking
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what is the cause of a hordeolum
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staph
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what is a sterile nonpainful inflamm of MG
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chalazion
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ferrys line
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edge of filtering bleb
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kayser fleisher ring
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wilsons disease
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fleisher ring
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keratoconus
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huston stahli
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elderly
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what test measures axial length
|
a scan
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schafers sign
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tobacco dust
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irvine glass
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post cat sx CME
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LASIK
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laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis
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LASEK
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same as lasek, but flap made with ethanol instead of keratome
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intralase
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same as lasik but flap made with laser
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decemet's membrane size and age
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increases with age
doubles by age 40 |
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hassal henle bodies
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corneal guttata of the periphery
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corneal guttata location
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central
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exopthalmometry norma
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12-22 for caucastions
12-24 for africation americans 12-18 for asians or under 3mm asymmetry |
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what are KPs?
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clusters of macrophages and epithelial cells on corneal endo
indicate GRANULOMATOUS unveitis |
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congenital syphillis triad + 1 ocular finding
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hitchinsons teeth--smwidely spaces
saddle-nose bridge deafness interstitial keratitis |
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most common cause amarousis fugax
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carotid artery disease
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what makes up asteroid hyalosis
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calcium phossphate soaps
asymptomitic |
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stromal hyaline deposits
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granular dystrophy
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stromal amyloid deposits
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lattice dystrophy
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stromal dystrophy c hyeprlipidemia
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schyders dystrophy
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macular dystrophy (cornea)
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mucopolysacc deposits
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risk factors for CRAO
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HTN, DM, carotid occlusion, cardiac valve disease
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blue gray stromal opacities
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salzmann's nofular degenertion
possible caused by same conidtions that lead to chronic keratitis---DRY EYES in us, trachoma elsewhere |
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when are haabs striae seen
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congentical GL
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what causes disciform keratisis?
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HSV
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interstitial kerattisi
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stromal inflammation
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most common stromal dystrophy
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granulae
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AR stromal dystrophy
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macular
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watzke-allen sign
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indicates full thickness macular hole
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what is most common cause of macular hole
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vitreous traction
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acanthomoeba progression
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1. sx worse than signs---lots of pain c mild SPK
2. ring ulcer--PK needed |
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what bacterias invade INTACT corneal epithelium
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1. neisseria
2.haemophilus 3. listeria 4. cornebacterium C-NHL |
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fungi after trauma (2)
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aspergillus
fusarium |
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high risk characterisitis in DM
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NVD of more than 1/4 of the disc
or preretinal or vitreal heme with ANY NVD or NVE |
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most common cause of infectious kerattis
|
bacteria
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beaterb bronze macula
|
stargardts, late stage
|
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early vision in stargards
|
vision loss with very mild macualr involvement
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chronic fungal ulcer common cause
|
candida in immunocompromised pts
|
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flap in lasik
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160-200 um
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bateria in endophthalmitis
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staph epidermidis
|
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bacterial endopthlamitis signs
|
severe pain**
AC reaction conj injection mucous discharge 2-4 days post op |
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where do calicific plaques come from
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heart valves
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where to hollenhort come from
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carotids
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most common cause of angioid streams
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pseudoxanthoma elasticum
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ischemic CRVO
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10 DD or more of nonperfusion on FA
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most common cause of vitritis in US
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toxoplasmosis
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moorens ulcer
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peripheral corneal ulcer with overhanging edge
more common in elderly so systemic links |
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corneal rejection signs of stroma and endothelium
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stroma - krachmers spot
endo- khodadoust line |
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most common retinal dystophy
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RP
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most common macular dystrophy
|
stargardts
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3 causes of pre-senile cataracts
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myotonic dystrophy
atopic dermatitics diabetes |
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DM and lens changes
|
inc in G causes myopic shift
dec in G cuases hyperopic shift |
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synchysis scintillians
|
golden brown cyrstals (cholesterol) result of previous pathology, usually uveitis, hemorrhage, or trauma
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systemic disorder assoc with RP
|
usher's--also have hearing loss
|
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ave age RP dx
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9-10
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RP triad
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arteriolar attentuation
bone spicule pigment waxy disc pallor |
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what meds are impt to note before cataract surgery
|
orals:
flomax coumadin topical: PG |
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what indicated a fungal ulcer
|
FEATHERY borders
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pseduomonas
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oxidase +
gram - grape odor blue/green mucopurlent discharge, pain, hypopyon, ulcer |
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4 risk factors of ARMD progression
|
smoking
HTN SOFT drusen focal hyperpig |
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what causes ERM
|
internal limiting membrane
(caused by compromise of ILM) |
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most common cause of sudden onset flashes, floaters
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PVD
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DC CL use for how many days? RGP and soft
|
RGP-2-3 weeks
SCL: 3-14days |
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systemic ds assoc with KC (5)
|
Turner's
Downs Marfans Osteogensis imperfecta Marfans |
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terriens marginal degernation
|
bilateral
males over 50 starts superiorly diff from moorens, which also starts superiorly but get ULCERATION |
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most common corneal dystrophy
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EBMD
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staph marginal keratitis class presentation
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peripheral SEIs
bilateral often hx of bleph |
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what drops are BAK in
|
aminoglycosides
tobramycin, gnetamycin |
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reigers anomly
|
GL risk
displaced pupil diff from reigers syn (syn has mental retardatiion assoc) |
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peters anomoly
|
CL risk and corneal opacity
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elsching pearls
|
lens epitheliam cells post cat sz
sx similar to catarcts |
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coats disease
|
you males
unilateral vessle diease hard exudates strac leudocoria |
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corneal filaments
|
epithelial cells and mucous
|
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giemsa stain shows
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HSV culture--
multinucleated cells cacterial infection--PMN cells |
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where is aqeous humor made
|
non pig cili epi of PARS PLICATA
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does stargardts affect bruchs memb
|
NO
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weakest bone in orbit
|
maxillary
|
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commotioe retinae
|
photoR outer seg disruption
|
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CN palsy most common with papilledema
|
VI
tight bend over petrous ridge, IOP pinches down on ridge |
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what layer do you test for evaporative DES?
|
lipid
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what tests the lipid layer
|
TBUT
MG expression |
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staining in anterior basement mebrane dystrophy
|
none or negative
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leading infectious cause of corneal blindness in US
|
herpes simplex
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when does irvine glass present
|
4-12 wks post op
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irvine glass incidence
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common on FA, 1.5% clinical signs
|
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UGH syndrome
|
uveitis
GL hyphema often due to poor fiitting IOL in AC rubbing causes hyphema and uveitis, which in turn can raise IOP |
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gray green membrane
|
blood below RPE
often seen in wet ARMD |
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rodent ulcer assoc
|
basal cell carcinoma
|
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why might FEMALES get central serous?
|
pregnancy
|
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risk of macular hole after PVD
|
none, traction relieved
|
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gyrate atrophy
|
causes night blindness
|
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choroideremia
|
causes night blindness
|
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photopsia
|
flashes
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orbital speudotumor vs psudotumor cerbri
|
cerebir usually asymptomatic
|
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most common VF defect in papilledema
|
restriction of peripheral field
enlarged BS |
|
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when is thryoid eye disease most common
|
4th to 5th decade
|
|
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thryoid eye disease and myasthenia?
|
1%
|
|
|
gonococcal conjuntivitis signs
|
unusual for bacteria
enlarged preauricaular nodes pseudomembranes |
|
|
does ANA test syphilis?
|
NO
|
|
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what type of cataract is RP assoc with
|
PSC
|
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|
crocodile shagreen
|
gray white polygonal opacities in bowmans
|
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where is band keratopathy
|
bowmans
|
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what layer do pterygia afect
|
bowmans is destroyed as corneal becomes affected
|
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what layer does KC start in?
|
bowmans
|
|
|
common causes of hypopyon
|
severe uveitis
endophthalmitis infectious corneal ulcers |
|
|
cocaine MOA
|
block norepinephicne reuptake at postganglionic nerves
blocks Na channels (anesthetic property) vasocontrictor |
|
|
hydroxyamphetamine MOA
and Horners testing |
increase release of norepi from postgang nerve terminals
will dilate 1st and 2nd order horners, NOT postgang lesion Horners |
|
|
lesion in adie?
|
ciliary ganglion
|
|
|
para receptors at gang and at site
|
ganglionic junctions--nicotinic
at site--muscarinic |
|
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neostigmine
|
promotes parasympathetic actions
|
|
|
edrophonium
|
dx MG
blocks AchE |
|
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on what receptor do epi and norepi differ
|
B2 is epi only
resp receptor--think epi pen! |
|
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where are B1 and B2 located
|
B2--lungs and eyes
B1--heart two eyes, two lungs, one heart |
|
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what is the inhibitory symp receptor
|
alpha 2
|
|
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which GL drug decreases aq prod AND inc uveoscleral outflow
|
alpha agonists
|
|
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which beta blocker has intrisic simaptheomimetic properties (ISA)
|
carteolol
|
|
|
what are intrinsic sympathomimetic properties in a beta blocker
|
reduced potential for side effects
less stinging, less bradycardia, lowers cholesterol |
|
|
drug of choice for epithelial keratitis in HSV
|
trifluridine
|
|
|
corticosteroid MOA
|
inhibit phospholipas A2
|
|
|
what melts cornea
|
topical anesthetics
NSAIDs |
|
|
mast cell stabilizers
|
crolomyn
ala- and alo- prefixes alomide, alocril, alamast--only4 on the NBEO outline |
|
|
which of the 4 classes of CNS drugs DOES NOT have a GLC use
|
cholinergic antagonists
|
|
|
when is atropine contradinicated (systemic)
|
down syndrome
|
|
|
what class of CNS drug is visine
|
adrenergic agonist
|
|
|
what glaucoma drugs may have neuroprotective effects
|
brimonidine
betaxolol |
|
|
PG contraind
|
actie inflamm
hx HSV CME risk |
|
|
PG with most hyperemia
|
lumigan/bimatoprost
|
|
|
best PG for african americans
|
travatan/travoprost
|
|
|
PG MOA
|
inc uveoslceral outflow via the PGFalpha receptors on the cilciar muscle, ultimately causing ar eduction in neighboring collagen
|
|
|
what enzyme is responsbile for lash growth in PGs
|
phospholipase C
|
|
|
LAST RESORT GL med in infants
|
alpha agonists
|
|
|
meds that cause blue sclera
|
steroids, minocycline
|
|
|
ketorolac dose
|
QID
|
|
|
bromfenac dose
|
BID
|
|
|
voltaren dose
|
QID
|
|
|
nevanec dose
|
TID
|
|
|
ocufen dose
|
(NSAID)
q2h before surgery to inhibit intraop miosis |
|
|
botox MOA
|
NOT an autonomic drug
prevents Ach release at NMJ |
|
|
combo mast/anti hist drugs
|
EZPOP + B
E = ELESTAT (dont confuse with Emadine, which is an H1 block ONLY) |
|
|
nictonic receptor locations
|
symp and para ganglia
NMJ |
|
|
muscarinic receptor locations
|
sites of para innervation
|
|
|
effects of MG drugs
|
both somatic and para effects--cholinergic muscarinic
|
|
|
are there nicotinic receptors in the sympathetic system
|
YES, at the sympathetic ganglia
|
|
|
which receptor does hydroxyamphetamine stimulate infdirectely
|
beta1
|
|
|
where are alpha1 receptors in the eye
|
radial muscle of the iris
PE acts here |
|
|
drugs that increase norepi affect which adrenergic receptor
|
alpha1
|
|
|
form betaxolol is dispensed in
|
suspension
|
|
|
guanethidine MOA
|
ultimately increases NE reuptake
|
|
|
contraind to PE 10%
|
MAOI, TCA, Graves
|
|
|
what drug causes dry mouth/fatigue
==topical |
alphagan (brimonidine)
|
|
|
what topical worsens MG
|
beta blockers
|
|
|
what topical should be used cautiously in DM and hyperthryoid and why
|
b-blocker
will mask sx of hypoglycemia, hyperthryoidism |
|
|
stinging
|
restasis
cosopt acular |
|
|
digxin
ethambutol isoniazid |
optic neuritis
|
|
|
diphenhydramine
chlropromaizne scopolamine |
anti-SLUD
|
|
|
morphine
neostigmine echthiophate |
miosis
|
|
|
thioradine
certizine |
oculogyric crisis
|
|
|
accutane and digoxine
|
color visionchanges
|
|
|
diamox
digoxin |
lower IOP via dec aq
|
|
|
thioridazine
indomethacin |
pigmentary retinopathy
|
|
|
echothiphate MOA
|
AchE inhibitor--irreversible
ind for GL and acc ET NOT MG drug pro-SLUD if used systemically |
|
|
embryonic source of lens
|
surgace ectoderm
|
|
|
pars iridica retina
|
form sphincter and dilator
|
|
|
worth 4 dot
|
OD sees 2 dots
OS sees 3 dots |
|
|
4 BO test used for detecting
|
microtropes, no tropia seen on CT but has dec VA in one eye
|
|
|
how do RG glasses affect NPC
|
will be recededwith NPC/convergence issues because they are dissociating
|
|
|
calculated AC/A
|
AC/A = PD + h(D-N)
PD in cm h in m eso is + exo is - |
|
|
duanes type 1
|
no ABDUCTION of affected eye
|
|
|
Brown's syndrome vertical deficit--elevation or depression?
|
problem with elevation
SO is too short, therefore cannot RELAX |
|
|
subjective CT
|
with = exo
against = eso |
|
|
what type of vergence do plus lenses test
|
positive fusional vergence
+ relaxes acc, relaxes acc verg, which inc vergence disparity, and therefore increases positive fusional vergence exos will have trouble with NRA |
|
|
accomdotaive insufficiency vergence findings
|
receded NPC
low + fusional vesgence range |
|
|
how does FCC work
|
creates interval of sturm
|
|
|
when can an HARC patient percieve depth
|
wirt circles
|
|
|
direction pt should look to isolate SR
|
up and out
23 deg? |
|
|
perfusion pressure
|
pressure difference between A's and V's of the same tissue
|
|
|
how does sympathetic stimulation affect IOP
|
alph2 decreases via decreasing aq and inc US outflow
beta1 and 2 increase via increasing aq production at the ciliary body |
|
|
which CN for relfex blinking
|
V
|
|
|
which CN for reflex tearing
|
VII
|
|
|
forced lid closure
|
oribital portion of orbicularis
|
|
|
nutirent supply for cornea
|
aqeuous
|
|
|
oxygen supply cor cornea
|
tears
|
|
|
bells phenomenon--forced or reflex blink?
|
forced
|
|
|
where does reflex tearing come from
|
VII via pterygopalatine ganglion
|
|
|
how is lipid secreted? mucous?
|
lipid--blink
mucous-para innervation |
|
|
what provides correct collagen spacing in cornea
|
proteoglycan
proteoglycan = GAG + protein |
|
|
how do the endothelium and epithelium fix corneal edema
|
endo--Na/K pump--primary source for dec corneal thickness
epi--pumps Cl into tears |
|
|
isosorbide MOA
|
increase plasma osmolarity
|
|
|
where does near pupil response begin?
|
FEF, then to EW and ciliary ganglion
|
|
|
role of alpha crysallin
|
molecular chaperone
protects against cataract |
|
|
crystallins
|
soluble proteins
|
|
|
lens aging
|
increase Ca--leads to cataracts
decrese ATP decrease crystallins decrease GSH |
|
|
where is collagen most concentrated in the vitreous?
|
at the base
|
|
|
convert snellen to high SF cutoff
|
snellen * 30 = cpd
|
|
|
devries rose law
|
JND scales with sq root of background
on log-log graph, slope will be 1/2 |
|
|
lambert surface
|
luminace independent of viewing angle
luminance is proportional to illumination |
|
|
what is an example of a lambert surface
|
dull paper
|
|
|
inner retinal disease color defect
|
red green
|
|
|
what is physiologically responsible for the troxler effect
|
lateral inhibition
|
|
|
what contributes to high frequency cutoff
|
optical aberrations
density of photoRs on the retina |
|
|
what contributes to low freq cutoff
|
lateral inhibition
center-surroud RFs in ganglion cells |
|
|
broca sulzer
|
50-100 msec flashes appear brighter than other durations
|
|
|
what wavelength has worst color disrim for a tritanope
|
495
|
|
|
what is timescale for cone dark adaptation
|
10 minutes
|
|
|
timescale for dark adaptation in rods
|
30-40 minutes
|
|
|
normal vernier acuity
|
5-10 arc seconds or 20/2 snellen
|
|
|
arcsec in degrees
|
1/3600 degereses = 1 arc sec
|
|
|
dowling rushton equation
|
describes dark adaption and tells us photopigment regeneration is NOT the sole factor
|
|
|
ferryporter law
|
critical flicker fusion frequency scales linearly with the log of retinal illumination
|
|
|
granit harper law
|
CFF icnreases as stimulus size increases
|
|
|
sensitivity
|
prob aof a positive test given that a pt has condition X
|
|
|
sensitivity
|
true negatives/number of people who do not have X
|
|
|
at what age should stereo be developed
|
6 months
|
|
|
what age should a child know their name and age
|
3 years
|
|
|
what develos first? fxn, sacc or pursuit
|
fixation
|
|
|
at what age should a child copy a circle? a cross?
|
circle- 3 yrs, cross 4 yrs
|
|
|
what age should a hcild execute a palmar grasp
|
6months
|
|
|
what type of acuity takes the longest to develope
|
vernier
|
|
|
oscope mag
|
emmetrop is 15xs, less for hyperope, more for amyope
|
|
|
sph for obliquely crossed cyl
|
sph = 0.5(F1 + F2 - C) + SOS
|
|
|
keratometry equation
|
r = -2mb
m = mag b = distance between obj and image |
|
|
cross nott ret
|
target stable, you move
|
|
|
shearts dynamic ret
|
use a lens
|
|
|
where is eye formed
|
wall of the diencephalon
|
|
|
what does a high Km say about reaction speed
|
slow
|
|
|
which way will compettitive injibotor shift curve
|
right
|
|
|
which way will noncompettive nhibotrs shift curve
|
down
|
|
|
relation between aprasa nd insulin
|
paras promote insulin
|
|
|
why is NADPH impt
|
fatty acid steroid synthesis
|
|
|
restrictive lung disease
|
Tb, histo, sarcoid
|
|
|
what is first heart sound
|
tricuspid closing and mitral and trycuspid valve
|
|
|
what is second hart sound
|
aorita
|
|
|
what is the QRS wave
|
ventricular depolarixzation/contraction
|
|
|
what is the P wave
|
atrial depol
|
|
|
which atria does blood enter first
|
comes in both at the same time
|
|
|
wat is the most potent vasoconstrictor in the body
|
antigotensin II
|
|
|
what does the PCT do
|
abosrbs all glucose and aa, most bicarbonate , Na and water
|
|
|
where does the glucose exit inthe kidney
|
ALL in the PCT
|
|
|
does smooth muscle require ATP
|
no, it udnergoes crosslatchich bridge formation
|
|
|
what type of gland is MG
|
holocrine
|
|
|
what type of gland is goblet cell
|
apocrine
|
|
|
keratoconjucntivitis sicca
|
DES caused by quous deficiency
|
|
|
normal osmotic pressure of tears
|
315
|
|
|
what is promary oxygen source to eye in open eye and closed eye
|
open--tears
closed--eyelid and limbal netorws anterior, aq posterior |
|
|
what time of day is IOP highest
|
AM
|
|
|
pretectal nucleus lesion
|
light-near dissocaition
|
|
|
pupils during sleep
|
miotic, symps are at rest
|
|
|
metab in lens
|
anerobic glycolysis
|
|
|
light absoption and reitnal
|
photon abs changes 11cis to alltrans
|
|
|
when should MS be suspected with a VER
|
over 110msec
|
|
|
what are normal VER snellen correlations
|
2020 even for babies
|
|
|
organize anterior to posterior: malleus, oval window, incus, stapes, tympanic membrane
|
tymapnic memb, malleus, incu, stapes, oval window
|
|
|
what do ascening paths carry
|
sensory info
|
|
|
where is defcicit if lesion is above crossover pt
|
contra
|
|
|
where does pyramidal pathway cross
|
medulla
|
|
|
qhere does medial lemniscus cross
|
medulla
|
|
|
qhere does trigeminothlamaic path cross
|
medulla
|
|
|
where does spinothalamaic pathway cross
|
spinal cord
|
|
|
which pathways carry [aon and temp
|
spinothalalmic and trigeminothalamic (tirgem is face info only)
|
|
|
flurophtometry
|
measure rate of aq formation
|
|
|
replacement rate of aq
|
every 10 minutes
|
|
|
when will you see a cloverleaf defect on VF
|
when pt stops responding
|
|
|
VF defects in normal tension GL
|
central and centrosecal
|
|
|
para nerves and ganglia to the eye
|
III via ciliary
VII via pterygopalatine to lacrimal gland |
|
|
bells palsy vs stroke
|
stroke involes whole face, bells is just lower, and is ipsi, stroke is contra
|
|
|
location of krause and wolfring
|
fornices
|
|
|
where is brightest purkinje image
|
anterior cornea
|
|
|
primary gag in cornea
|
keratin sulfate
|
|
|
cortical cataracts and rx change
|
hyperopic shift
|
|
|
NS cataract and rx change
|
myopic shift
|
|
|
what begins in inner nuclear layer in devel
|
hor, bip,amaacrine
|
|
|
where do amarcrine detite do to
|
axons up , dendrties down
|
|
|
what synapse occurs in OPL
|
rod spherules connect with bip adn horizonatal cells
|
|
|
where do norizontal cells go
|
down toward RPE to synapse in OPL
|
|
|
where is the first synapose itn the visual pathwway
|
OPL
|
|
|
where ar emacular fibers on disc
|
tmporal
|
|
|
lesion of cuneus grys
|
inferior VF defect
|
|
|
what does OKN test
|
pursuits
|
|
|
limbal blanching
|
chemical burn
|
|
|
berlins edema
|
commortio retina in macula 2^ to trauma
|
|
|
PT?PTT
|
teting for bleeding disorder
|
|
|
pulsatile proptosis
|
cav sinus fistula
|
|
|
painful proptosis
|
orbital pseudotumor
|
|
|
rhinophyma
|
ocular rosacea
|
|
|
actinomyces israeli
|
canaliculitis
|
|
|
s-shaped ptosis
|
dacryoadenitis
|
|
|
PAM
|
concern about conj melanoma
|
|
|
CIN
|
concern about conj squamous cell carcinoma
|
|
|
gram neg diplococci
|
gonhorrhea
|
|
|
swimming pool conjuncitivits
|
pharyngoconjunctival fever
|
|
|
catch scratch fever
|
parinauds oculogalndular syndrome
|
|
|
mouth and genital ulcers
|
behcet's disease
|
|
|
maculopapular rash
|
synhilis
|
|
|
candle wax and cotton ball opacities
|
sarcoid
|
|
|
blue bulbar conj
|
scleririts
|
|
|
night sweats
|
Tb
|
|
|
salt and pp fundus
|
congetial syphilis
|
|
|
snow banking
|
pars planitis
|
|
|
feathery edges
|
fungal
|
|
|
dsicform kerattis
|
herpes simplex
|
|
|
diffuse lamellar kerattis
|
LASIK
|
|
|
krachmer spot
|
graft rejectionstroma
|
|
|
khofdoust line
|
endothelial graft rejection
|
|
|
vossius ring
|
trauma
|
|
|
patons folds
|
papilledeme
|
|
|
INO
|
MS
|
|
|
disc at risk
|
NAION
|
|
|
vermiform pupil
|
adies
|
|
|
descending loop abs
|
only water is reabsorbed into veinous syste
|
|
|
PCT dsecretion
|
H+
|
|
|
what drug works on PCT
|
diamox, inhibits the resoption of water, Na, and bicarb back inot the body
|
|
|
what diuretics work at descening loop
|
NONE
|
|
|
what is reaspborng in asceling loop
|
Na, Cl, Mg, Ca, also K and Cl via the Na, K, Cl pump, also an Na/K pump which created a gradient, end up with lots of K inside cell
|
|
|
K at ascending loop
|
part of Na/K and Na/K/Cl which cause buildip of K inside the cell
has channels for reabosption to either benous and lumen(urine) when K is pushed into urine, Ca and Mg are abs back into body, this is enhanced by durosemide |
|
|
what does furosemide act on
|
asc loop, causes K loss into urine
also causes loss of Na, CL, CL, Ca, MG |
|
|
what is absorlbed at ascending loop
|
Na, Cl, Ca
|
|
|
what is abs in DCT
|
Na, CL in small amounts, Ca
|
|
|
is water abs in DCT
|
NO, unless ADH is present
|
|
|
where does PTH work
|
DCT
|
|
|
who does PTH work
|
increases Ca absorption into blood
|
|
|
where do thiazide diuretics work
|
DCT--dec absorption of Na and CLinto the blood
|
|
|
qhere occurs at the collecting duct
|
sm reabos of Na and Cl
|
|
|
what is unique about the K channge in the collecting duct
|
leads to severehypokalemia when aldosterone is present
|
|
|
aldosterones actions
|
increases BP while causing hypokalemia, acts at collecting duct
|
|
|
how to K sparing diuretics work
|
inhibit aldosterones action, lower BP, save K from being lost
|
|
|
where does ADH work
|
DCT and CD to incteseae presence of water channels, causing more water to be abs and icnreasing the blood pressure
|
|
|
what organelle is responsible for acculuation of pigment in macrophages
|
lysosome
|
|
|
where are dorsal column nuclei located
|
medulla
|
|
|
what is the anterior boundary of the limbus
|
the line from scwalbe line to the termination of bowmans
|
|
|
schwalbes line
|
termination of decemet's
|
|
|
with adaptation, the CFF level will..
|
increase
|
|
|
what kind of reflexes are seen in upper motor neuron synfrom
|
increased reflexes
|
|
|
the tenon capusle is adjacent and outer to
|
the episclera
|
|
|
what does the fsiculis gracilis carry info about
|
legs, not the arms
|
|
|
free energy of a reaction is the direct measure of
|
the work that can be performed
|
|
|
what do the middle scleral aperturs carry
|
vortex veins
|
|
|
when does band pass spatial filtering appear developmentally
|
2-3 months
|
|
|
which matures first, spatial or temporal CSF
|
temporal, then spatial
|
|
|
grating acuity in infants
|
equals age in months up to 6 months
|
|
|
why is color vision immature in infants
|
post-receptor limitations
|
|
|
when is trichromatic vision present
|
3 months
|
|
|
what is color vision like at 9-10 weeks
|
tritan like color defect
|
|
|
what explains the difference between adult and infant luminous efficiency curves
|
macular pigment
|
|
|
sensitive period
|
when effects of monocular deprivation are seen
9 years |
|
|
adult stereo present at
|
6 months
|
|
|
when does absolute sens of scoptopic system mature
|
6 months
|
|
|
how is motion sensitivity affected by age
|
decreases
|
|
|
increased absorption of shrot wavelengths by eye prodcues what kind of deect
|
tritan
confuse both BY and RG |
|
|
higher absolute threshold in elderly is due to
|
rod loss
|
|
|
a change in adaption rate would be due to
|
photopigment regeneration kinetics
|
|
|
are rods or cones more affected by aging
|
rods
|
|
|
how does VF decline with age
|
linearly (ie constant rate)
|
|
|
which leukocyte is likely to arrive early and predominate at the site of a bacterial infection
|
PMN neutrophil
|
|
|
what type of inflammation is leprosy
|
granulomatous
|
|
|
which parts of the complement system trigger anaphylactic shock
|
C3a and C5a
|
|
|
how are the inflmation and clortting systems related
|
Hageman factor activates complement, kinin, clotting, and fibrinolytic systems
|
|
|
hyperplasia
|
increase in number of cells
|
|
|
do skeletal muscles undergo hyperplasia
|
no, they do not divide, therefore they undergo hypertrophy
|
|
|
metaplasia is usually caused by
|
chronic irritation
|
|
|
metaplasia
|
reversible change
|
|
|
type III hypersens
|
immune complexes acivate neutrophils and macrophages
|
|
|
what type of hypersens reaction are MG and Graves
|
Type II-antibpody related
|
|
|
what does the antibody in graves do?
|
stimulates hormone release
|
|
|
what does ANA test for
|
Lupus
|
|
|
chronic interstitial lung disease are mediated by
|
macrophages
|
|
|
marfans
|
AD
fibrillin defect r/o aortic dissection |
|
|
lymphogranuloma venereum
|
caused by c.trachomatis, chronic disease
|
|
|
congenital malformation inheritance, ie cleft lip
|
multifacotiral, not due to just one gene, environmental factors also play a role
|
|
|
freckles
|
come and go with sun exposure
|
|
|
melasma
|
facial hyperpig due to pregancy
|
|
|
when would you see a petechial heme
|
overwhelming bacterial infection
|
|
|
what does silica do to the lungs
|
causes fibrotic response over long period of exposure
|
|
|
what occurs in both restrictive and obstructive lungdisease
|
pumlanry artery thickening
|
|
|
most common result of pulmonary thromboembolis
|
nothing--most are asymptomatic
|
|
|
most likely food contaminants
|
salmonella
cambylobacter |
|
|
osteum secundum
|
most common septo atrial defect
results in left-to -right shunting |
|
|
congenital hypothyroidism
|
short, coarse features, proturding tongue
|
|
|
what tumors typically arise from VIII
|
shwannomas
|
|
|
red cast cells
|
form when proteinuria is present
|
|
|
most common cause of UTI
|
e.coli
|
|
|
which cancers are alcoholics at greater risk of
|
mouth, pharynx, esophagous
|
|
|
a deficiency in which vitamin can lead to increased respiratory infections
|
vitamin A
|
|
|
most common location for neuroblastoma
|
adrenal glands
|
|
|
all T cells express
|
CD3
|
|
|
do T cells have MHCII
|
not usually, only when expression is induced by a viral infection
|
|
|
is the classic/complement pathway innate
|
no, it is triggered by antibodies
|
|
|
what is most impt in tissue compatability in transplantation
|
MHCII
|
|
|
in complement...which pathway does C1 activate
|
classic
|
|
|
organ most difficult to transplant due to compatibility
|
bone marrow
|
|
|
is IgA specific
|
yes
|
|
|
mechanism for B cell afinnity maturaiton
|
somatic hypermutation
|
|
|
what does CD8 bind
|
MHCI
|
|
|
what does CD4 bind
|
MHCII
|
|
|
what is necessary for the complement membrane attack complex
|
C3
|
|
|
j chain
|
only in IgM and IgA
|
|
|
cytotoxic T cells kill pathogens by
|
inducing apoptosis
|
|
|
allotransplantation
|
recipeint and donor are same species
|
|
|
hyperacute graft rejection
|
occurs within hours
mediated by preformed antibody and complement |
|
|
superantigen
|
activated many clones of T cells
|
|
|
which antibody is most effective at acivaing complement
|
IgM
|
|
|
which antibodies can activate complement
|
IgM and IgG
|
|
|
collagen in basement membrane
|
type IV
|
|
|
merocrine gland
|
exocytosis
|
|
|
apocrine gland
|
secretes membrane bound droplets
|
|
|
brush border of epithelial cell is made of
|
microvilli
|
|
|
what layer of skin is thickened most on palms
|
stratum corneum
|
|
|
kupffer cells
|
macrophages
|
|
|
where does vasa recta arise form the kidney
|
efferent arterioles of juxtaglom
|
|
|
what tissue does the nasolacrimal system develop from
|
surface ectoderm
|
|
|
which neuroblasitc layer are amacrine cells in
|
inner
|
|
|
first region of the choroid to develop
|
choriocapillaris
|
|
|
neuroglial tissue of the optic nerve is derived from
|
neural ectoderm
|
|
|
where are MG derived from
|
surface ectoderm of the eyelid
|
|
|
outer neuroblastic layer
|
photoRs, bipolar, horizontal
|
|
|
inner neuroblastic layer
|
amacrine, ganglion, muller
|
|
|
where is schlemms canal derived from
|
deep scleral plexus
|
|
|
orbital bones are derived from
|
mesenchyme
|
|
|
which layer of the retina recieves both reitnal and choroidal blood supply
|
OPL
|
|
|
what blocks fluorescein from leaving choroid during FA
|
RPE tight junctions
|
|
|
which CN is closest to the internal carotid as it enters the cavernous sinus
|
VI
|
|
|
location of bulbar conj cells
|
limbus
|
|
|
location of palpebral conj stem cells
|
mucocutaneous junction
|
|
|
horners muscle
|
surrounds lacrimal caniliculi
part of orbicularis oculi |
|
|
whixh tear gland produces protein and lactoferrin
|
lacrimal
|
|
|
how does corneal hypoxua affect pH
|
will lower intracellular pH
|
|
|
what does the NaK pump on the endothelium of the cornea do
|
pumps Na out of the cornea
|
|
|
what do epithelial NaKCl cotransporters do
|
move Cl into cornea
|
|
|
wht does the CL channl on the corneal epithelium do
|
moves Cl out
|
|
|
where do pregang paras carrying accomodation info originate
|
EW nucleus
|
|
|
which has more protein--older or younger lens fibers
|
older--more protein deeper in lens
|
|
|
what does bulk flow move
|
high MW substances
|
|
|
why does the percentage of liquid vitreous increase with age
|
increase of soluble protein and hyaluronic acid
|
|
|
granulomatous inflammation
|
collections of large activated macrophages with squamous-like appearance
|
|
|
fungal granulomatous infections
|
histo
blastomycosis |
|
|
foreign body granuloma causes
|
suture
vascular graft |
|
|
bacterial granuloma cause
|
Tb
leprosy |
|
|
hypersensitivity reaction in rheumatic fever
|
Type II
|
|
|
what type of reaction is Rh disease
|
Type II
|
|
|
what occurs in Rh disease
|
Mom's antigens cross placenta and attack fetal erythrocyte antigens
|
|
|
what mediates Type II reactions
|
IgM or IgG
|
|
|
what are examples of Type III reactions
|
immune complex glomerulonephritis
SLE RA |
|
|
what mediates a Type IV reaction
|
sensitized T cells encounter antigen and release leukokinin, Macrophages are activated
|
|
|
what is seen in SLE
|
butterfly rash*
joint pain* + ANA* photosens arthritis various systemic disordfers |
|
|
most common immundef
|
IgA def--seen with recurrign URT infections and corneal keratinization
|
|
|
cause of kaposis sarcoma
|
herpes virus HHV-8
|
|
|
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
|
demyelinating disorder affecting 1% of AIDS patients
|
|
|
klinefelter
|
XXY
most common cause primary male hypogonadism |
|
|
turners
|
XO
most common cause primary amehorrhea |
|
|
edwards ocular manifestation
|
microopthalmos
|
|
|
chromosomein huntingtons
|
4, AD
|
|
|
gardners syndrome
|
variant of FAP with multifocal CHRPEs in the fundus
|
|
|
what percent of african americans are SC carriers
|
8%
|
|
|
anemia from chronic kidney disease
|
decreased EPO made in kidney
|
|
|
when might leukocytosis occur
|
infection, stress, pregnancy
|
|
|
neutrophilia
|
stress, pain, fear, exercise, infection
|
|
|
thrombocytosis
|
inc platelemts, due to inflamm, kidney disease, spleen removal
|
|
|
causes of otitis media
|
strep pneumoniae
h. influnenzae |
|
|
how to distinguish true vertigo
|
presents with nystagmus
|
|
|
cause of acute bacterial sialadenitis
|
s. aureus
infection of parotid or submandibular gland |
|
|
what gland do salivary tumors affect most
|
parotid, mostly benign
|
|
|
internal carotid stroke sx
|
ipsilateral blindness and contralateral hemiparesis
|
|
|
subarachnoid stroke
|
sudden severe HA, CN III palsy, cahnge in consciousness
often due to rupture of intracranial aneyrysm 5-10% all strokes |
|
|
intracrneail aneurysm
|
at bifurcations, ie circle of willis
|
|
|
spntanteous intracerebral hemorrhage
|
basal gang, pons, thalamsu
risk: HTN, bleeding disorder |
|
|
status epilepticus
|
seizure lasting more than 5 minutes
|
|
|
glioblastoma multiforme prognosis
|
less than 1 year
|
|
|
most common benign brain tumor
|
meningioma
|
|
|
uhtoff's phenomenon
|
decreased acuity after increase in body temp
often seen in MS optic neuritis patients |
|
|
leukodystrophy
|
inherited
kids improper myelin formation and maintenance |
|
|
athersclerosis lab results
|
inc total cholesterol
dec HDL inc LDL inc CRP |
|
|
when might a pt have a bruit
|
carotid artery disease
braciocephalic artery disease |
|
|
which side CHF results in pulm edema?
lower extremeity edema? ascites? |
L
R R |
|
|
post-strep glomerulonephritis
|
group A beta hemolytic streptococci
more common in kids |
|
|
prostate cancer lab result
|
elevated PSA
|
|
|
gonorrhea tx
|
ceftriaxone 125mg IM
doxy 100 mg po BID x 7 days (chlamydia cover) |
|
|
preeclampsia sign
|
BP > 140
proteinuria swelling in lower extremities |
|
|
eclampsia
|
preeclampsia + seizures
|
|
|
bronchiectasis
|
chronic bronchiole infection
dilated airway purulent sputum recurrent infection assoc with broncial obstruction, cystic fibrosis, poor ciliary motility |
|
|
cause of walking pneumonia
|
mycoplasma pneumoniae
|
|
|
incidence major depression
|
30%
|
