Monotheistic And Polytheistic Religions

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Old Stone Age

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Cave Men, developing into humans today, mastered fire, and made tools from stone

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To Make a Civilization you need:

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Specialized workers, record keeping, complex institutions, advanced cities, and advanced technology

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Lex Talionis

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Eye for an Eye

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New Stone Age

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Agricultural Revolution, they started farming

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Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

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the two rivers where mesopotamia lied

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city-state

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A city-state is an independent country whose territory consists of a city which is not administered as part of another local government.

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surplus

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More jobs were created with a surplus of food, so they didn't have to farm for themselves

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6 need Religion Fulfills

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provides comfort, help from people(sense of belonging), social things,hope, and makes you feel closer to a higher power

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4 theories of history

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Theological Determinism, Economic, Great Man Theory, And Geographical

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Flames of Culture

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To make a living, for law and order, social organizations, knowledge and learning, Self expression, and religious expression

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Brahman

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The Drop of water into a bigger drop of water (analogy)
This was going into enlightenment and uniting with Brahman the God of hinduism

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Siddhartha Gautama

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Founder of Buddhism

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Dharma

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basic principles of the cosmos; also: an ancient sage in Hindu mythology worshipped as a god by some lower castes;

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Tipitaka

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Sacred Text of Buddhism

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Analects

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a record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples, as well as the discussions they held.

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eightfold path and the 4 noble truths

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a guide to behavior - 1) life is basically suffering 2) we desire 3) cure - ending desire 4) Desire can be gone by the eight fold path

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Confucianism/Taoism/Hinduism/Buddhism

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Founder Confucious - Filial Piety(Parents First) Harmony Results when society is organized around 5 basic Relationships
Founder Lao-tze - belief is one with the nature
No Founder - Believed in Reincarnation till Enlightenment is achieved
Founder Siddhartha Gautama - Follow the Eightfold Path to achieve Enlightenment (The Middle Way - Live Life in Moderation)

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bureaucrats

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nonelective government officials
any organization in which action is obstructed by insistence on unnecessary procedures and red tape

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civil service exam

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a 10 day long test to become emperor

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Nirvana/Moksha

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buddha's word for release from selfishness and pain

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Paul and Saul

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Paul was the messenger of christianity and Saul was the first king of 3 who drove out the Philistines from the central hills o ancient Palestine.

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Epistles

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Paul wrote letters called the epistles to groups of believers

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Judeo-Christian Ethic

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common beliefs between judaism and christianity

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Allah

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the concept of belief in one God

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Muhammad

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Meccan - Mohammed: the Arab prophet who, according to Islam, was the last messenger of Allah

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Islam

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submission to the will of Allah

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Muslim

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one who has submitted to Allah

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Hajj

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pilgrimage to mecca

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Mosque

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an islamic house of worship, or wherever they find themsleves

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Hijrah

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Muhammad moved to the town of Yathrib, over 200 miles to the north Mecca. This migration was known as Hijrah

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Qur'an

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The holy book of the muslims

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The Five Pillars of Islam

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Faith - Saying a certain phrase with meaning and then becoming a true muslim
Prayer - Pray 5x a day
Alms - Giving to the poor (Part of their tax) - 2%
Fasting - Ramadon they don't eat, drink, smoke, or have sex from sunup to sunset
Pilgrimage - Traveling to Mecca to pray once in your life if you are economically and physically strong

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Ulema/Ulama

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Important Religious Teachers

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Mecca and Medina

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1) the direction in which all Muslims should offer their prayers 2) Burial Grounds of Muhammad

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Kaaba

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a black stone building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and that is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine; believed to have been given by Gabriel to Abraham; Muslims turn in its direction when praying

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Jihad

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a holy war waged by Muslims against infidels

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Sunni/Shiite

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1) Those who did not outwardly resist the rule of the umayyads were later to be known as Sunni 2) Those of the group of Shi'a meaning the "party" of Ali were Shi'ites

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Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform

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Orthodox - Strict to holy text, jewish law -ultimate religious authority
Conservative - Follows the Torah as guide not a mechanical interpretation of the Torah
Reform - NOT waiting for Messiah, Messianic Age. Rabbi as advisor not a scolar to the Torah

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Hebrew Law

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Laws that were made on the base of the "Ten Commandments"

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Umma

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A group that converted to ISlam or Muslim Religious Community