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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Water molecules often split into ions of _________ and ___________ |
H+ and OH- |
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What is the pH scale? |
a measure of how many free H+ ions there are in a solution |
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What is neutral pH? |
7 (H+=OH-) |
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The greater the (H+) concentration, the _______ the pH, the more __________ the solution |
lower; acidic |
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The lower the (H+) concentration, the _________ the pH, the more ___________ the solution |
higher; basic |
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What pH value are most the fluids in your body? |
Close to neutral between 7.3 and 7.5 pH slightly basic |
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Acids |
Molecules that give away hydrogen ions (H+) |
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Hypoventilation |
breathing too shallow CO2 levels increase blood is too acidic |
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Respiratory Acidosis |
blood too acidic can cause coma or death |
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Can cause delayed deadly reaction. Absorbs right through skin, without burning |
Hydroflouric Acid |
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Bases |
Molecules that accept free hydrogen ions (H+) |
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Hyperventilation |
Breathing too rapidly CO2 levels drop Blood is too basic |
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Tetany |
Low CO2 causes calcium problems. Muscles remain contracted. Can cause death |
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Salts |
Molecules that releases ions other than H+ when dissolved in water |
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Why is sea salt bigger than table salt? |
has more salts--- NaCl, KCl, MgCl, CaCl |
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Ethanol formula (alcohol) |
CH3CH2OH |
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** Why is carbon an important biological element? |
Forms up to 4 chemical bonds to get the 4 electrons needed to complete its outer shell |
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Single atoms or clusters of atoms covalently bonded to the carbon atom. Greatly influences the properties of the molecule |
Functional groups |
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What is an organic molecule? |
contains carbon and at least one hydrogen atom |
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Sugars are polar, hydrophilic, and are most abundant class of biological molecules |
Carbohydrates |
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Also called monosaccharides (one sugar molecule) |
Simple Sugars glucose |
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Also called disaccharides or oligosaccharides |
Short-chain sugars Milk sugar table sugar |
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What percentage of humans cannot digest milk sugar after infancy? |
about 65% |
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In what two regions of the world did lactose tolerance first evolve? |
North-central Europe and East Africa |
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Also called complex carbohydrates, chains of many molecules |
Long-chain sugars |
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Makes plant cell wall indigestible |
Cellulose |
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How plants store the glucose they make |
Starch |
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How animals store glucose they eat |
Glycogen |
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Lipids |
Greasy and oily- nonpolar and hydrophobic |
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Animal fats are ______ at room temperature. Plant fats are ______ at room temperature |
solid; liquid |
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Carbons are all joined by single bonds and are saturated with hydrogen atoms |
Saturated Fatty Acid |
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There are double bonds between some of the carbon atoms |
Unsaturated Fatty Acid |
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Most abundant lipids in your body and the richest sources of energy |
Triglycerides |
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Where do vertebrates store triglycerides? |
as tiny droplets inside fat cells |
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Why do we store fat, not sugar? |
because fat has twice as much energy as sugars |
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A main component of plant, and animal cell membranes |
Phospholipids |
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All repel water, found in hair, skin |
Waxes |
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Can be remodeled into many important biological molecules such as bile salts, steroids |
Cholesterol |
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How do we make Vitamin D naturally? |
in our skin, sunlight (UVB) converts one kind of cholesterol into vitamin D |
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Have one sugar, at least one phosphate group and one nitrogen-containing base |
Nucleotides Ex) ATP, DNA, and RNA |
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Made from amino acids |
Proteins |
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20 different kinds used as the building blocks of proteins |
Amino Acids |
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The Enzyme ____________ is found in tears, sweat, and saliva and kills some bacteria |
lysozyme |
