Molecules Of Life.

Front 1

What is the difference between eukaryotic andprokaryotic cells?

Back 1

Eukaryotic cell contain membrane- bond organelles, including a nucleus, and can be single celled or multicelled. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle.

Front 2

What is the structure and composition of DNA:

Back 2

The structure of DNA is a double helix formed by base pairs attached to a sugar phosphate backbone. The composition is Adenine(A), Guanine(G), Cytosine(C) and Thymine(T).

Front 3

What is the structure and composition of RNA?

Back 3

The structure of RNA is a single stranded molecule made up o basic units called nucleotides.The composition is Adenine(A),Guanine(G), Cytosine(C) and Uracil(U).

Front 4

How are DNA and RNA different?

Back 4

DNA is a long polymer with deoxyriboses and they have one difference nitrogenous base. RNA is a polymer with a ribose.

Front 5

What is a Chromosome:

Back 5

A chromosome is a thread like structure located inside the nucleus of a animal or plant cell.

Front 6

What is a chromosome composed of?

Back 6

Each chromosome is made of up protein and a single molecule of DNA

Front 7

What are the principles of DNA replication?

Back 7

1) Origin of replication

2) DNA Helicase

3) RNA Primase

4) DNA polymerase synthesizes a new strand of DNA complementary to original strand.

5) Okazaki fragments must be patched together with DNA ligase.

Front 8

Who are the players of DNA replication:

Back 8

1) Parental DNA

2) DNA polymerase

3) RNA Primer

4) Primase

5) DNA Polymers

6) DNA ligase

7) Okazaki Fragment

Front 9

Understand the process and components of transcriptions and translation:

Back 9

Translation: RNA Code (exact copies of genes) is read into a protein

Transcription: Genes are copied (transcribed from DNA code into RNA (mRNA)

Front 10

What types of RNA's exist and what are there functions:

Back 10

1) Messenger RNA - carries the code into the cytoplasmic where protein synthesis occurs.

2) Ribosomal RNA - the ribosome serves as the site and carries the enzymes necessary for protein synthesis.

3) Transfer RNA - reads the code and carries the amino acid to be incorporated into the developing protein.

Front 11

Understand the principles of the genetic code:

Back 11

1) sequence bases in a codon must follow the direction of translation

2) The Code is non-over lapping

3) The code is read in a fixed reading frame.

Front 12

How does the polymerase recognize the start site of transcription of a gene among all the non-coding DNA sequence:

Back 12

The non-coding DNA sequence is made of binding sites for various transcription factors and other effectors. These proteins assemble into a configuration that helps polymerase bind to the right spot. Other sequences in the area are signals to the RNA polymerase complex itself that tell it where to bind and where to start transcription.

Front 13

What is the difference between intron and exon?

Back 13

INtrons stay IN the nucleus to keep the DNA safe. EXon's exit the Nucleus to be made into a protein.

Front 14

Know the basic fact about the humans genome:

Back 14

There are 3 billion base pairs, and 20,000 to 25,000 genes

Front 15

What are the proteins and what defines primary, secondary, tertiary, and quatenary structure:

Back 15

Proteins are large molecules that are required for the structure function and regulation of a living cell

1) Primary Structure: Amino acid sequence

2) Secondary Structure: Regular sub-structures

3) Tertairy Structure: Three dimensional structure

4) Quatenary Structure: Complex of protein molecules

Front 16

What is gram stain:

Back 16

A straining technique for the preliminary identification of bacteria

Front 17

How do vaccines work?

Back 17

Vaccines are part of a pathogen or whole organism that can be given to human or animals by mouth or by injection to stimulate the immune system against infection by these pathogens.

Front 18

What types of vaccines exist?

Back 18

Vaccine types: Attenuated Vaccines, Inactivated Vaccines, Subunit Vaccines.

Front 19

What is the tool box of genetic engineering and cloning?

Back 19

Cutting and pasting DNA from one organism into another and have it be produced.

Front 20

What is the Role and Function of Plasmid?

Back 20

Circular form of self-replicating DNA

Front 21

What is the Role and Function of Restriction Enzyme?

Back 21

DNA cutting enzymes (Molecular Scissors)

Front 22

What is the Role and Function of DNA ligase?

Back 22

Is used to ligate genomic DNA fragments and rector DNA

Front 23

What is the Role and Function of Reverse transcriptase?

Back 23

Catalyzes synthesis of complementary single stranded DNA (cDNA) from mRNA

Front 24

What is the Role and Function of Polymerase chain reaction?

Back 24

Technique for making copies, or amplifying a specific sequence of DNA in a short period of time

Front 25

What is the Role and Function of Sequencing?

Back 25

Four reactions per sequence are set up, each containing a small amount of one modified ddNTP

Front 26

Fermentation reactions and how is it used in food production?

Back 26

Process of deriving energy from sugars in absence of oxygen (anaerob)

Lactic Acid: Used to make yogurt, sour cream, sauerkraut, vinegar, and certain cheese

Alcohol Fermentation: Used to make beer, wine, champagne, and bread

Front 27

Understand the principles of the genetic code

-What is the start codon and what Amino Acid is encoded by the "Start Codon"

Back 27

Genetic Code:

Universal language of genetic used in virtually all living cells

Start Codon: (AUG)

-codes for methionin

-signals start point of translation