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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are Prokaryotic Cells?
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1.DNA is located in the nucleoid (region of cyto-plasm not enclosed by a membrane)
2. Organelles are few and simple 3. Cells are relatively small |
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What are Eukaryotic Cells?
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DNA is located in the nucleus
2. Organelles are many and complex 3. Cell are relatively large |
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Prokaryotic v. Eukaryotic Cells
What are common features? |
1.Chromosomes
2.Cytosol 3.Plasma membrane 4.Ribosomes |
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Prokaryotic v. Eukaryotic Cells
What about the Cell Size? |
1.Regardless of the size of organisms, cells are ap-proximately the same size
2.Cell size is limited by surface area to volume ratio |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
What is a Cytoplasm? |
interior region of the cell between the nucleus and plasma membrane
1.Suspended in cytosol are membrane-bound organelles 2.Cytosol – fluid portion of the cell |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
What is a Plasma Membrane? |
boundary of the cell that functions as a selective barrier that allows the passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
What is a Nucleus? |
1.Contains most of the genes in the cell
2.Generally, most conspicuous organelle |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus What is a Nuclear envelope? |
a) Complexes line the pores in the envelope regulat-ing the exit of proteins, RNA’s, macromolecules
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus What is a Nuclear lamina? |
a) Maintains the shape of the
nucleus by mechanically supporting the envelope |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus What is a Chromosomes? |
a) Located in the nucleus, carry genetic information
b)Composed of chromatin (DNA + protein complex) c)Each spp has a distinct number of chromosomes |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus What is a Nucleolus? |
a) Synthesizes RNA as well as ribosomal
subunits which assemble into ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus What is a Ribosomes? |
1. Complexes composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins
2. Site of protein synthesis (cells that carry out much protein synthesis have many ribosomes, nucleoli) |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus Ribosomes What are free ribosomes? |
suspended in cytosol; proteins produced here function within cytosol
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Ribosomes What are bound ribosomes? |
attached to outside of the endo-plasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope; proteins pro-duced here function in other areas of the cell
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
What is Endoplastic Reticulum? |
1. Extensive network of membranes (accounts for more than half the total membranes in a cell)
2. Functions include protein synthesis, protein trans-port, metabolism, lipid transport, and poison detox 3. Continuous with nucleus |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Endoplastic Reticulum What is smooth endoplastic reticulum? |
a)Outer surface lacks ribosomes
b)Drugs and alcohol increase proliferation, which increases rate of detoxification, which increases tolerances c)Lipid synthesis, especially steroids including sex hormones and adrenal gland hormones d)Detox of drugs (including alcohol) and poisons, especially in liver cells e)In muscles, stores Ca ions for muscle contractions |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Endoplastic Reticulum What is Rough endoplastic reticulum? |
a)Outer surface is studded with ribosomes
b)Site of protein synthesis and transport, membrane construction c)lipid synthesis, especially steroids including sex hormones and adrenal gland hormones d)Detox of drugs (including alcohol) and poisons, especially in liver cells e)In muscles, stores Ca ions f)for muscle contractions (sarcoplasmic reticulum) |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Endoplastic Reticulum What is a Transport vesicles |
membranous sacs in transit from one part of the cell to another, transporting mole-cules produced by the cell through the cytoplasm
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
What is a Golgi Apparatus? |
1. Especially numerous in cells special-ized for secretions
2. Products of the ER are modified and stored in Golgi until shipped to other destinations 3. Transport vesicles transfer material from Golgi to other parts of the cell 4. A TOUR OF THE CELL |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
What is a Lysosomes? |
1.Membranous sacs of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules
2.Hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes are made by rough ER and transferred to Golgi for further processing 3.Phagocytosis: process in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell 4.Autophagy – process in which damaged cell parts are taken up by a cell and hydrolytic enzymes recycle the organic material back into the cytoplasm |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus What is a Nucleolus? |
a) Synthesizes RNA as well as ribosomal
subunits which assemble into ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus What is a Ribosomes? |
1. Complexes composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins
2. Site of protein synthesis (cells that carry out much protein synthesis have many ribosomes, nucleoli) |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus Ribosomes What are free ribosomes? |
suspended in cytosol; proteins produced here function within cytosol
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Ribosomes What are bound ribosomes? |
attached to outside of the endo-plasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope; proteins pro-duced here function in other areas of the cell
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
What is Endoplastic Reticulum? |
1. Extensive network of membranes (accounts for more than half the total membranes in a cell)
2. Functions include protein synthesis, protein trans-port, metabolism, lipid transport, and poison detox 3. Continuous with nucleus |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Endoplastic Reticulum What is smooth endoplastic reticulum? |
a)Outer surface lacks ribosomes
b)Drugs and alcohol increase proliferation, which increases rate of detoxification, which increases tolerances c)Lipid synthesis, especially steroids including sex hormones and adrenal gland hormones d)Detox of drugs (including alcohol) and poisons, especially in liver cells e)In muscles, stores Ca ions for muscle contractions |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Endoplastic Reticulum What is Rough endoplastic reticulum? |
a)Outer surface is studded with ribosomes
b)Site of protein synthesis and transport, membrane construction c)lipid synthesis, especially steroids including sex hormones and adrenal gland hormones d)Detox of drugs (including alcohol) and poisons, especially in liver cells e)In muscles, stores Ca ions f)for muscle contractions (sarcoplasmic reticulum) |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Endoplastic Reticulum What is a Transport vesicles |
membranous sacs in transit from one part of the cell to another, transporting mole-cules produced by the cell through the cytoplasm
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
What is a Golgi Apparatus? |
1. Especially numerous in cells special-ized for secretions
2. Products of the ER are modified and stored in Golgi until shipped to other destinations 3. Transport vesicles transfer material from Golgi to other parts of the cell 4. A TOUR OF THE CELL |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
What is a Lysosomes? |
1.Membranous sacs of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules
2.Hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes are made by rough ER and transferred to Golgi for further processing 3.Phagocytosis: process in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell 4.Autophagy – process in which damaged cell parts are taken up by a cell and hydrolytic enzymes recycle the organic material back into the cytoplasm |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Vacuoles What is a Membrane? |
bound vesicles made by the ER and Golgi which perform a variety of functions in different cells
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Vacuoles What is a Food vacuole? |
membranous sac formed by phago-cytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Vacuoles What is a Contractile vacuole? |
membranous sac that assists in moving excess water out of some freshwater protists
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Vacuoles What is a Central vacuole? |
in a mature plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
What is a Mitochondria? |
1. Site of cellular respiration where ATP is
generated by extracting energy from organic compounds in the presence of oxygen 2. Often numbering in the thousands or hundreds of thousands, depend ing upon cell activity 3. Found in most eukaryotic cells 4. Outer membrane is smooth, separating mitochondria from cytoplasm 5.Inner membrane is convoluted with foldings (cristae) 6.Matrix – compartment that contains many different enzymes, DNA, and ribosomes |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
What is a Chloroplasts? |
Site of photosynthesis where sunlight is converted into chemical energy (organic compounds) from carbon dioxide and water
2. Contain the green pigment chlorophyll 3.Found in leaves, other green organs of plants and algae |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Chloroplasts What is a Thylakoids? |
membranous system in the
form of flat-tened, interconnected disks |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Chloroplasts What is a Stroma? |
fluid outside of thylakoids which contains DNA, ribosomes, and many different enzymes
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Chloroplasts What is a Granum? |
stack of thylakoids
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
What is the Endosymbiosis of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts? |
1.Both organelles have a double membrane
2.Both organelles contain ribosomes 3.Both organelles contain circular DNA (prokaryotic) 4.Both organelles grow and reproduce independently of the cell |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
What is a Peroxisomes? |
1.Specialized metabolic compartments surrounded by a single membrane; contain enzymes
2.Remove hydrogen atoms from various substrates and transfer them to oxygen (hydrogen peroxide - H2O2) 3.Also, breakdown fatty acids and detox alcohol and other toxic substances |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
What is a Cytoskeleton? |
1.Network of protein fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
2.Provides mechanical shape and support to the cell 3.Provides anchorage for organelles and molecules 4.Promotes motility inside/outside the cell |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Cytoskeleton What is a Microtubules? |
a)Maintains cell shape
b)Promotes organelle movement and chromosome movement during cell division (centrioles) c)Promotes motility (cilia & flagella) |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Cytoskeleton What is a Microfilaments ? |
a)Maintains and changes cell shape
b)Promotes muscle contraction and cytoplasmic streaming (animal and plant) c)Initiates cell division (cleavage furrow - animal) d)Promotes motility (pseudopodia - animal) |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Cytoskeleton What is a Intermediate filaments? |
a)Maintains cell shape
b)Anchors nucleus and other organelles c)Forms nuclear lamina |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Microtubule Components What is a Centrome? |
structure present in cytoplasm of ani-mal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division (has two centrioles)
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Microtubule Components What is a Centriole? |
structure in centrosome of animal cell, composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets ar-ranged in a 9 + 0 pattern (occurs in pairs); respon-sible for spindle formation
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Microtubule Components What is a Cilia |
short appendages specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the animal cell; composed of a cylinder of microtubule doublets arranged in a 9 + 2 pattern; shorter and numerous
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Microtubule Components What is a Flagella? |
long appendage specialized for locomotion in the animal cell; composed of a cylinder of micro-tubule doublets arranged in a 9 + 2 pattern; longer and singular
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Microfilament Components What is Actin? |
globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically around each other; forming microfilaments in muscle (with myosin) and other kinds of cells
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Prokaryotic v. Eukaryotic Cells
Microfilament Components What is a Cytoplasmic streaming? |
circular flow of cytoplasm involving interactions between actin and myosin filaments; speeds the distribution of materials with-in cells
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Prokaryotic v. Eukaryotic Cells
Microfilament Components What is a Pseudopodia? |
cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding, involving interactions between actin and myosin filaments
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Prokaryotic v. Eukaryotic Cells
Extracellular Components What is a Cell wall? |
protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants and fungi; poly-saccharides such as cellulose (plants) and chitin (fungi) are important structural components of cell walls
a)Protects the cell while maintaining shape b)Prevents excessive water uptake c)Pectin glues adjacent cells together |
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Prokaryotic v. Eukaryotic Cells
Extracellular Components What is a Extracellular matrix? |
meshwork surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by the cells; regulates cell behavior
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Prokaryotic v. Eukaryotic Cells
Extracellular Components – Cell Junctions What is Plasmodesmata? |
open channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells allowing materials to pass between cells
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Extracellular Components – Cell Junctions
What is Tight junctions? |
prevent leakage of material through spaces between cells
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Extracellular Components – Cell Junctions
What is Desmosomes? |
function as rivets, fastening cells together
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Extracellular Components – Cell Junctions
What is Gap junctions? |
consist of proteins surrounding a pore that allows the passage of materials between cells
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