Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
31) Ubiquitination and Proteosomal degradation of Proteins |
Ubin - way of marking proteins for destruction. 1) E1 - ATP dependent activation of Ubiquitin 2) E2 - Conjugation - transport enzyme for activated ubiquitin 3) E3 - Ubiq Ligase - brings together Act Ubin & protein, forms Ubin chain at least 4-5 long. 4) Proteosome - removes Ubin chain and slices protein into peptides |
|
|
15) RNA Interference |
1) miRNA - genomic. pri-RNA folds in 2, becomes pre-RNA. "Drosha" cuts off unfolded end. Goes to cytosol. "Dicer" cuts folded end - passenger and guide strand. Attaches to Argonaut. Passenger let go. Guide binds to 3' UTR, recruits other proteins, blocks translation. 2) siRNA - from outside. dsRNA. No Drosha, already in cytosol. Meets Dicer, same process. |
|
|
21) Vesicular Transport. Endo- and Exocytosis |
V-Trans - moving material from one organelle to another. Thing binds to membrane of organelle, buds off. Rides along cytoskeleton (mammals). - Movement, Tethering, Fusion! - Tethered by GTP-binding protein - Fusion by vSNARE & tSNARE proteins Endo - vesicle forms @ membrane. - >1 micron = phagocytosis. Pinocytosis - non-specific cell drinking. - Clatherin-dep or ind. |
|
|
32) Biochemistry of Apoptosis |
Intrinsic - lack of GF's/Protein misfolding. - BCL-2 Sensors --> BAK & BAX Effectors dig holes in Mito --> Cyto C and pro-apop proteins released. Initiator Capsases --> Effectors Capsases --> cleave DNA and breakup cytosleleton. -p53 Extrinsic - Death Receptor = TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor. Triggers Initiator Capsases. |
|
|
12) Replication of Euk DNA, machinery, and regulation |
- S-phase -DNA Poly - needs RNA primer (Primase). 5' -->3'. Alpha (starts it), Beta (repair) Delta - elongation - clamp) - SSB, Topoisomerases, DNA ligase, DNA Helicase. - Regulation - via cell cycle |
|
|
24) Methods of Cell Fractionation, electrophoresis of nucleic acids and proteins |
C Frac - separating cells into their components. AKA homogenization. 1) Homogenize gross sample (blender or plunger - mind the pH and osmolarity of sample. 2) Fractionate by Centifuge - largeer organelles = bottom. Multi-steps, low speed --> high speed. |
|
|
9) Structure and function of Nucleic Acids |
NA = long polymers of nucleotides (DNA & RNA) "-side" - sugar & base. "-tide" = Sugar, base, and phosphate. Base attached by Beta-N-glycosidic bond. Max absorb - 260 nm. Functions - genetics, energy (ATP), 2d msgs, adenosine only - vaso-d, SMusc contract, sleep regulation. |
|
|
10) Organization of prokaryotic, eukaryotic, & mitochromial genome |
E - linear, double stranded. Telomeres & Centromeres. P - Circular, double stranded. Nucleoid. Plasmid. "Histone-Like Proteins" Haploid. Negative supercoils. M - Circular, double stranded |
|
|
11) Structure of Human Genome; Techniques of DNA sequencing; Projects of Human Genome Sequencing. |
3 x 10x9 bp. 35% is repetitive elements. Sanger method (chain-term sequencing) - used in first human genome (2001). Next Gen - various methods - all use immunoflouro and PCR to amplify. Sanger is gold |
|
|
13) DNA Repair |
Photolyase - uses power of light photon to REVERSE thimine dimers (caused by UV light). Base Excision Repair - de-aminated cytosines. Endonuclease. Nucleotide Excision Repair - mismatched. Dbl Strand Breaks - homologous & non-homo. DNA Poly - proofreading. Cell cyle arrested during repair, possible apoptosis. |
|
|
14) Transcription of Euk DNA; Structure of mRNA, Post-transcription processing; Metabolism of RNA; Transcription Factors; interaction DNA protein. |
Transcription - RNA Poly 2, Made 5' --> 3'. |
|
|
1) Basic Principles of Cell Signaling |
Concepts: Intra- vs Extra-cellular. Amplification. Divergence. Modulation by other factors. Steps: Secretion, Transport, Receptor, Transduction, Action, Elimination. |
|
|
2) Membrane Receptors and their Ligands; G-Proteins |
G's - alpha unit dissociates. Starts cAMP or Ca++ pathway by interacting with an enzyme. Can stim or inhibit. Recept - EC, TM, IC domains. Tyrosine-K; Serine-Threonine-K; Ion Channel, |
|
|
3) Types and role of 2nd Messengers in Signal Transduction |
|
|
|
4) Signal Transduction Cascades of cytokines and Growth Factors |
Cytokine = small protein that acts as paracrine or autocrine signalers. |
|
|
5) Activation of phospholipases and signaling that employs derivatives of lipids |
|
|
|
6) SIgnaling of NO. Overview of signaling pathways and their significance. |
|
|
|
7) Intracellular receptors and their ligands, heat shock protein. Interaction of intracellular receptors with DNA. |
|
|
|
8) Amplification, integration, and cross talk of signaling pathways. |
|
|
|
16) Regulation of gene expression at the transcription level. |
|
|
|
17) Genetic code and its properties |
|
|
|
18) Euk, Pro-K, and Mitochondrial translation |
|
|
|
19) Regulation of Translation |
|
|
|
20) Post translational protein modifications, Protein sorting and targeting. Modifications and sorting of proteins in Golgi. Biosynthesis of glycoproteins. |
|
|
|
22) Restriction enzymes and their utilization. Mdification of DNA and recombinant molecules. DNA cloning. |
|
|
|
23) DNA diagnostics; techniques. |
|
|
|
25) Polymerase chain reactions, use of PCR in clinical diagnostics, RT PCR and usage. |
|
|
|
26) Nature of gene mutations, inherited and acquired mutations, polymorphisms, mini- and micro-satellite markers. Methods of detection. |
|
|
|
27) DNA and RNA viruses, structure, and replication. |
|
|
|
28) Role of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppresor genes. |
|
|
|
29) Cell cycle and role of complexes and cdk's |
G1, S, G2, M. G1-S = "point of no return" Cyclin - protein involved in cell cycle regulation. Regulatory subunits of CDK complexes (holoenzymes). See chart. |
|
|
30) Regulation of cell cycle and role of tumor suppressor genes. |
TSG - Gene that protects a cell from becoming cancerous. p53 and Rb - best examples. See cell cycle chart. |
|
|
33) Cytoskeleton |
|
|
|
34) Epigenetics, modification of histones, DNA methylation, significance. |
|
