Molecular Biology

Front 1

Friedrich Meischer

Back 1

Found novel substance nuclein, which is made of DNA and proteins

Front 2

Frederick Griffith

Back 2

Discovered that DNA is foundation of genetic material. Used streptococcus pneumoniae as organism.

Front 3

Griffith's Transformation Experiment

Back 3

1. Used heat killed virulent colonies and live avirulent colonies

2. During transformation avirulent cell aquired virulent gene

*Did not understand nature of transformation

Front 4

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty

Back 4

Demonstrated that DNA was the chemical basis of heredity. They degraded RNA, DNA, and proteins to determine which one would still transform. Showed that DNA was only substance that aquired the R bacteria and grew.

Front 5

Erwin Chargaff

Back 5

Showed that bases of DNA are not found in equal proportions and that DNA composition varies from species to species.

Front 6

Hershey and Chase

Back 6

Experiments resulted in them determining that DNA is the base component of genes. Labeled protein coat with radioactive sulfur and the DNA with radioactive phosphorus. They were then able to track which was transfered to a cell when a virus attached.

Front 7

Pyrimidines

Back 7

Cytosine, uracil, thymine

Front 8

Purines

Back 8

Adanine and guanine

Front 9

Nucleoside

Back 9

Combination of sugars and bases in DNA and RNA

Front 10

Nucleotide

Back 10

Nucleosides with phosphate group attached via phosphoester bond

Front 11

Nucleic acid

Back 11

Molecule made by a chain of nucleotides

Front 12

Chargaff's Rule

Back 12

The number of purines is equal to the number of pyrimidines. Also, the amount of adonine was equal to that of thymine. Same went for guanine and cytosine.

Front 13

Roslind Franklin

Back 13

Used x-ray diffraction that was sent to Watson and Crick. Showed that the structure of DNA must be simple, with the most logical structure being a corkscrew (helix).

Front 14

Watson and Crick Model

Back 14

Double Helix with the sugar-phosphate backbone positioned on the outside. The bases faced the inside. They proposed 10 base pairs per turn and had anti-parallel strands. Major and minor grooves.

Front 15

Virus

Back 15

A non-living agent that carries genes. It infects the host cell where the carried genes can be copied and released. Majority of viruses are single stranded.

Front 16

Role of RNA in DNA synthesis

Back 16

Protein synthesis

Front 17

B-form DNA

Back 17

Right handed helix, exists in high humidity, bases are horizontal with 10 nucleotides per turn. Predominant form because it exists under high humidity and the cell's content is majority water.

Front 18

A-form DNA

Back 18

Right handed helix, exists in 75% humidity, bases are tilted from right to left with 10.7 nucleotides per turn

Front 19

Z-form DNA

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Left handed helix, bases are tilted with 12 nucleotides per turn

Front 20

DNA melting

Back 20

DNA is heated to a temperature that causes noncovalent bonds to break.

Front 21

Melting Temperature (Tm)

Back 21

Temperature at which half of the DNA strand is denatured

Front 22

Factors affecting DNA melting

Back 22

GC content raises Tm, organic solvents, high pH, salt concentration (removes ions that shield negative charges. The negative charges repel each other)

Front 23

Effects of G-C content

Back 23

Higher G-C content will raise the density and effect the way in which is separates from solution.

Front 24

Nucleic Hybridization

Back 24

Combining of two different nucleic acid's. This creates diversity and a measure of relatedness between organisms

Front 25

What ways can DNA be expressed?

Back 25

Molecular weight, number of base pairs, length

Front 26

How is DNA size measured?

Back 26

Electron microscope by shadowing the DNA with a heavy metal or through gel electrophoresis

Front 27

C-value of DNA

Back 27

DNA content per haploid cell

Front 28

C-value Paradox

Back 28

When a less complex species has a higher c-value than a more complex species. This may occur due to many non-coding DNA in an organism

Front 29

Chapter 2

Back 29

Chapter 2

Front 30

Gene expression

Back 30

creation of RNA and proteins from a DNA blueprint

Front 31

Codon

Back 31

Three bases that code for the production of amino acids

Front 32

Template strand

Back 32

Strand that codes for the making of the complimentary mRNA strand

Front 33

Protein

Back 33

Chain of amino acids

Front 34

Basic components of amino acids?

Back 34

Amino group, acid group, hydrogen, side chainq

Front 35

How are amino acids joined together?

Back 35

Peptide bonds

Front 36

Protein Domain

Back 36

Compact structural region within a polypeptide

Front 37

Motif

Back 37

Functional areas within a domain

Front 38

Protein Functions

Back 38

Provide structure, hormones, carry substances, control activities of genes and serve as enzymes

Front 39

Garrod

Back 39

Discovered that the disease alcaptonuria was caused by a single recessive gene

Front 40

Beadle and Tatum

Back 40

Concluded that each enzyme in a biochemical pathway is controlled by a single gene. One gene/one peptide. Used Neospora and induced mutations into the species.

Front 41

Francois Jacob

Back 41

Messanger RNA carries genetic makeup into the cytoplasm to be translated

Front 42

Transcription Phases

Back 42

Initiation, elongation, termination

Front 43

Initiation

Back 43

RNA polymerase recognizes the promoter region just upstream of the gene. Polymerase binds to the promoter and causes localized melting.

Front 44

Elongation

Back 44

Proceeds in 5' to 3'. DNA strand returns to double helix form. Only one of the strands is copied.

Front 45

Termination

Back 45

Termination region on DNA. The RNA strand dissociates from the RNA polymerase and DNA strand

Front 46

Components of Ribosomes?

Back 46

RNA and proteins. Prokaryotes are 50S and 30S subunits. Eukaryotes are 60s and 40s subunits.

Front 47

tRNA

Back 47

Clover leaf which recognizes both RNA and amino acid.

Front 48

Initiation Codon

Back 48

AUG

Front 49

Shine-delgarno Sequence

Back 49

The sequence found upstream that the initiator codon recognizes.

Front 50

P-site

Back 50

Site at which the initiating aminoacyl-tRNA bind

Front 51

A-site

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Site at which the second aminoacyl-tRNA bind

Front 52

Termination Codons

Back 52

UAG, UAA, UGA

Front 53

Open Reading Frame

Back 53

Contains both the start and stop codons.

Front 54

Chapter 3

Back 54

Chapter 3

Front 55

Molecular Biology

Back 55

Study of gene structure and function on a molecular scale. Arose from genetics and biochemistry

Front 56

Gene

Back 56

A gene contains genetic information in the form of RNA which defines how we are made

Front 57

Phenotype

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Observable charachteristics

Front 58

Allele

Back 58

Form of a gene that defines how it is expressed

Front 59

Haploid

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One copy of the gene

Front 60

Diploid

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Two copies of a gene

Front 61

Homozygote

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two copies of the same allele

Front 62

Heterozygote

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One copy of each allele

Front 63

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

Back 63

The idea that chromosomes are the physical carriers of the genes

Front 64

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Back 64

Fruit fly experiment and discovered eye color and sex are located on the same chromosome

Front 65

Locus

Back 65

Place on the chromosome where the gene is located

Front 66

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

Back 66

Genes on different chromosomes are acquired independently

Front 67

Genetic Linkage

Back 67

Association of genes on a chromosome

Front 68

Recombination

Back 68

The production of a new combination of alleles due to crossing over between chromosomes. Allows for us to adapt to surroundings and create a more "fit" offspring

Front 69

Morgan

Back 69

Decided that as loci got farther apart, their rates of recombination would increase

Front 70

Barbara McClintock

Back 70

Genetic work on Maize. Established a relationship between the region on a chromosome and a gene. Also discovered transposons.

Front 71

Three Domains

Back 71

Bacteria, Eukaryota, Archaea (Thermophiles, Halophiles, Methanogens)