Molecular Biology 1

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a theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein.

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The central dogma of molecular biology

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Process produceby which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to two identical DNA molecules.

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Replication

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Each time a cell divides, the two resulting daughter cells must contain exactly the same genetic information, or DNA, as the parent cell.

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Replication

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Each strand of existing DNA acts as a template for replication.

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Replication

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____ occurrence.

Eukaryotic Cells• Inside the nucleus• During the interphase

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Replication

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Occurs withing the prokaryotic cells in thr cytoplasm

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Replication.

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• Undwinds the DNA replication fork.

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Helicase

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Dna to rna to protein is the simplified definition of

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Central dogma

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The central dogma is where the dNA ____ data to mrna to ____ it to become protein

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Transcripts, translatw

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• Synthesizes RNA primers complementary to the DNA strand.• Primers are synthesized from ribonucleoside triphosphates nu to?

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Primase

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• Seals the gaps between DNA fragments.

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Ligase

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• Coat the DNA around the replication fork to prevent rewinding of the DNA.

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Single-strand binding proteins (SSBPs)

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• Found at the region ahead of the replication fork to prevent supercoiling.

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Topoisomerase

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3 models of dna

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Conservative, semicon, dispersive

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The process of making an mRNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence.

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Transcription

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• The messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the gene’s protein information encoded in DNA.

Anong processes to

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Transcriptiom

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• In humans and other complex organisms, mRNA moves from the cell nucleus to the cell cytoplasm, where it is used for synthesizing the encoded protein. Ano ito?

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Transcription

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A DNA sequence that indicates where a genetic sequence can be read and decoded.

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Tata box

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, which specifies to other molecules where transcription begins.

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promoter sequence

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Many eukaryotic genes have a conserved TATA box located 25-35 base pairs before the transcription start site of a gene t or f

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T

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An enzyme responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence during transcription.• A complex molecule composed of protein subunits.• The number and composition of these proteins vary across taxa.

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RNA ploymerase

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• Proteins that bind to the TATA box and recruit an RNA polymerase to the site.

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Transcription factors

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Tranacribes for mRNA

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RNA Polymerase II

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Gene transcription for mRNA RNA Polymerase ___

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2

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• Codes for short non-coding RNAs like: tRNA, and 5S rRNA, wat RNA Polymerase?

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3

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The _____process replaces the Guanine triphosphate group with another structure called the "cap".

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capping

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The cap is added by the enzyme.... . This enzyme catalyzes the reaction between the 5' end of the RNA transcript and a guanine triphosphate (GTP) molecule.

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guanyl transferase

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Mrna vs trna vs rrna

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Mrna transfers data encodes proteins

Trna adaptor b/w mrna and amino acids

Rrna forms the ribosome

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A. - - - - is a change in the DNA sequence of an Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection.

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mutation

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Nitrogenous bases types

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Purines, pyrimidines

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Types of purines

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Adenine, guanine

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Types of pyrimidines

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Thymine cytosine uracil

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Parts of nucleic acid

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Phosphate sugar base

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Base of rna

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Uracil

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Bases of dna

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CGAT

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Sugar of dna

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Deoxyribose

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A binds to

G binds to

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T, C

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Attraction bw ions

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Ionic bonds

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Joins atoms into molecule trough electorn

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Covalent

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When bonded atoms share electron

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Non polar covslent

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Where Electorns are unequally bonded atoms

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Polar covalent

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Weakbinds in chem

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Hydrogen bonds

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2 types of mixture

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Solute suspension

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Other name of acid

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Alkali

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Other name of base

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Alkaline

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Forms H+ ions

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Acid

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Forms OH or hydroxide ions

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Base

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0 is acidic t or f

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T

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The acidity scalw is a factor of

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Ten

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Balances to keep ph stable

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Buffer

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Body most important buffer

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Bicarbonate,

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Bicabonate maintains... in bloood

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Homostasis

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Chargaff rule

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The total amount of purines will usually be nwarly equal to pyrimidines

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The total amount of purines and the amount of pyrimidines are usually near equal

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Chargaffs rule

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In 1947, The Nottingham team: ______ studied DNAs and theirstructure.

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Gulland, et al., and Creeth, et al.,

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• It was found out that by altering the pH, the viscosity of the fluids of samples were also altered.

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DNA

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is lower whensubjected to either extremelybasic or acidic pH.

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• Viscosity

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Amount of guanine approximates the amount of

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Cytosine

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The total amount of purines and the amount of pyrimidines are usually...

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Near equal

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______ research was vital to the later work of Watson and Crick, but he cr himself could not imagine the explanation of these relationships--specifically, that A bound to T and C bound to G within the molecular structure of DNA

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Chargaff's

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No of Adenine is equal to

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#a = #t

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Number of guanine is equal to

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#g =#c

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Alabyu

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Aylabyu tu mwa

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If deoxyribose wasnt the sugar of dna, or deoxyribose is also known as

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Deoxypentose

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backbone on the outside held together by hydrogen bonds

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sugar (deoxypentose)-phosphate

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Made up of double stranded polynucleotides.

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Dna

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Sugars found in sugar-phosphate backbones are bound by .

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phosphodiester linkages

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Result of errors in dna replication

Exposure to mutagens or infections

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Mutations

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Change in a dna sequence

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Mutations

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Number of hydrogen bonds in AT base pairs

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2

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No of hydrogen bonds in CG base pairs

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3

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Forms of dna

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A form B form Z form

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The most common form of dna

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B form

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Form of dna for most organisms

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B forn

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the Watson–Crick form of the double helix that most people are familiar with.

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B form

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A way to view the dna without a microscope

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X-ray diffraction crystallography

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X ray diffraction crystallography inventor

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Rosalindt Franklin

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Pyrimidines

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Cytosine Thyamine uracil

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Purines

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Adenosine Guanine

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Chargaffs rule

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Purines will always be near equal to pyrimidines

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Purines will always be near equal to pyrimidines

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Chargaffs rule

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The creator of chargaffs rule

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Erwin Chargaff

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Adenosine guanine are

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Purines

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Transcribes for rRNA

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Rna Polymerase I

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Transcribes for RNA Polymerase

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Codes for short non-coding RNAs

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Non coding strand.

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Template strand

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Coding strand

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Complementary strand

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Upstream

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5'

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Direction of transcription

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5'-3'

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,

is synthesized in short, discontinuous segments called Okazaki fragments in the 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork..

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the lagging strand

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is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA.

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DNA REPLICATION

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is involved in removing the RNA primers and filling in the gaps.

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DNA polymerase I

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is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction,

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The leading strand

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while the lagging strand is synthesized in short, discontinuous segments called... in the 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork.

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Okazaki fragments

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are short, discontinuous segments of DNA that are synthesized on the lagging strand during replication.

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Okazaki fragments

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is the enzyme that catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the growing DNA chain during replication.

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DNA polymerase

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The three steps of DNA replication

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are initiation, elongation, and termination.

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is the main polymerase responsible for DNA synthesis during replication

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DNA polymerase III

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Okuzaki strands are joined together by... to form a continuous strand.

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DNA ligase

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is the enzyme that seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds.

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DNA ligase

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DNA ligase catalyzes the formation of

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phosphodiester bonds

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the enzyme that catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the growing DNA chain during replication

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DNA polymerase

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is the main polymerase responsible for DNA synthesis during replication,

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DNA polymerase III

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Enzyme that is involved in removing the RNA primers and filling in the gaps.

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DNA polymerase I

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The leading strand is synthesized continuously in what direction

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5' to 3' direction