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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Character |
Personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated; a person's desirable or undesirable qualities |
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Personality |
A person's unique and relatively stable patterns of thinking, emotions and behavior. |
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Personality Trait |
A stable, enduring quality that a person shows in most situations |
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Personality Type |
A style of personality defined by a group of related traits |
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Introvert |
A person whose attention is focused inward; a shy, reserved, self-focused person |
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Extrovert |
A person whose attention is directed outward; a bold, outgoing person |
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Self-concept |
A person's perception of his or her own personality traits |
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Self-esteem |
Regarding oneself as a worthwhile person; a positive evaluation of oneself. |
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Personality Theory |
A system of concepts, assumptions, ideas and principles used to understand and explain personality |
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Interview (personality) |
A face-to-face meeting held for the purpose of gaining info about an individual's personal history, personality traits, current psychological state and so forth |
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Unstructured Interview |
An interview in which conversation is informal and topics are taken up freely as they arise |
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Structured Interview |
An interview that follows a prearranged plan, usually a series of planned questions |
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Halo effect |
The tendency to generalize a favorable or unfavorable particular impression to unrelated details of personality |
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Direct observation |
Assessing behavior through direct surveillance |
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Rating scale |
A list of personality traits or aspects of behavior on which a person is rated |
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Behavioral Assessment |
Recording the frequency of various behaviors |
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Situational Test |
Simulating real-life conditions so that a person's reactions may be directly observed |
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Personality Questionnaire |
A paper-and-pencil test consisting of questions that reveal aspects of personality |
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Objective test |
A test that gives the same score when different people correct it |
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Reliability |
The ability of a test to yield nearly the same score each time it is given to the same person |
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Validity |
The ability of a test to measure what it purports to measure |
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) |
One of the best-known and most widely used objective personality questionnaires |
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Project Tests |
Psychological tests that use ambiguous or unstructured simuli |
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Rorschach Inkblot Test |
A projective test that consists of 10 standardized inkblots |
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
A projective test consisting of 20 different scenes and life situations about which respondents make up stories |
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Trait theorist |
A psychologist interested in clarifying, analyzing and interrelating traits to understand personality |
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Common traits |
Personality traits that are shared by most members of a particular culture |
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Individual Traits |
Personality traits that define a person's unique individual qualities |
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Cardinal trait |
A personality trait so basic that all of a person's activities relate to it |
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Central traits |
The core traits that characterize an individual personality |
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Secondary traits |
Traits that are inconsistent or relatively superficial |
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Surface Traits |
The visible or observable traits of one's personality |
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Source Traits (factors) |
Basic underlying traits, or dimensions, of personality; each source trait is reflected in a number of surface traits |
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Factor analysis |
A statistical technique used to correlate multiple measurements and identify general underlying factors |
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Trait profile |
A graph of the scores obtained on several personality traits |
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Five-factor model |
Proposes that personality has five universal dimensions |
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Psychoanalytic Theory |
Freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts |
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Humanism |
An approach that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials and ideals |
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Free will |
The ability to freely make choices that are not controlled by genetics, learning or unconscious forces |
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Human nature |
Those traits, qualities, potentials, and behavior patterns most characteristic of the human species |
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Subjective Experience |
Reality as it is perceived and interpreted, not as it exists objectively |
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Self-actualization |
The process of fully developing personal potentials |
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Peak experiences |
Temporary moments of self-actualization |
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Fully functioning person |
A person living in harmony with her or his deepest feelings, impulses and intuitions |
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Self |
A continuously evolving conception of one's personal identity |
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Self-image |
Total subjective perception of one's body and personality (another term for self-concept) |
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Incongruence |
A state that exists when there is a discrepancy between one's experiences and self-image or between one's self image and ideal self. |
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Ideal self |
An idealized image of oneself (the person one would like to be) |
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Possible Selves |
A collection of thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and images concerning the person one could become |
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Conditions of worth |
Internal standards used to judge the value of one's thoughts, actions, feelings or experiences. |
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Positive self-regard |
Thinking of oneself as a good, lovable, worthwhile person |
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Organismic Valuing |
A natural, undistorted, full-body reaction to an experience |
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Unconditional Positive Regard |
Unshakable love and approval given without qualification |
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Behavioral Personality Theory |
Any model of personality that emphasizes learning and observable behavior |
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Learning theorist |
A psychologist interested in the ways that learning shapes behavior and explains personality |
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Situational determinants |
External conditions that strongly influence behavior |
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Habit |
A deeply ingrained, learned pattern of behavior |
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Social learning theory |
An explanation of personality that combines learning principles, cognition, and the effects of social relationships |
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Psychological situation |
A situation as it is perceived and interpreted by an individual, not as it exists objectively |
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Expectancy |
Anticipation about the effect a response will have, especially regarding reinforcement |
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Reinforcement Value |
The subjective value a person attaches to a particular activity or reinforcer |
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Self efficacy |
Belief in your capacity to produce a desired result |
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Self-reinforcement |
Praising or rewarding oneself for having made a particular response (such as completing a school assignment) |
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Social reinforcement |
Praise, attention, approval and/or affection from others |
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Critical Situations |
Situations during childhood that are capable of leaving a lasting imprint on personality |
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Gender roles |
The pattern of behaviors that are regarded as "male" or "female" by one's culture; sometimes also referred to as a sex role |
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Identification |
Feeling emotionally connected to a person and seeing oneself as like him or her |
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Imitation |
An attempt to match one's own behavior to another person's behavior |
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Temperament |
The hereditary aspects of personality, including sensitivity, activity levels, prevailing mood, irritability, and adaptability |
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Behavioral genetics |
The study of inherited behavioral traits and tendencies |
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Trait-situation interaction |
The influence that external settings or circumstances have on the expression of personality traits |
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Shyness |
A tendency to avoid others, plus uneasiness and strain when socializing |
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Social Anxiety |
A feeling of apprehension in the presence of others. |
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Evaluation fears |
Fears of being inadequate, embarrassed, ridiculed, or rejected |
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Self-defeating bias |
A distortion of thinking that impairs behavior |
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Private self-consciousness |
Preoccupation with inner feelings, thoughts, and fantasies |
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Public self-consciousness |
Intense awareness of oneself as a social object |
