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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 principal mechanisms by which vascular pathology results in disease
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narrowing (stenosis) or complete obstruction of vessel lumens, either progressively (atherosclerosis) or precipitously (thrombosis, emboli)
weakening of vessel walls, leading to dilation/rupture |
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basic constituents of walls of blood vessels
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endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, ECM (elastin, collagen, glycosaminoglycans)
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3 concentric layers of blood vessels
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endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, ECM (elastin, collagen, glycosaminoglycans)
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blood vessels with highest blood pressure & thickest walls
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arteries
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3 types of arteries
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elastic (aorta its large branches – innominate, subclavian, common carotid, iliac) - large
muscular (coronary & renal arteries) - medium-sized small arteries & arterioles |
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the relative amount & configuration of the basic constituents differ along the arterial system owing to local adaptations to mechanical/metabolic needs (esp. in ECM & media)
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elastic arteries: media rich in elastic fibers → expansion/recoil during systole/diastole; become progressively tortuous & dilated (ecstatic) with age
muscular arteries: media composed mainly of spirally arranged smooth muscle cells muscular arteries & arterioles: vasoconstriction/vasodilation regulates regional blood flow/pressure |
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blood vessels considered principal points of physiological resistance to flow
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arterioles
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blood vessels with an endothelial lining, but no media, adapted for rapid diffusion of substances between tissues & blood
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capillaries
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blood vessels where vascular leakage & leukocyte exudation commonly occurs during inflammation
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post-capillary venules
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blood vessels predisposed to irregular dilation, easy penetration by tumors & inflammatory processes
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veins
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arteries vs. veins (diameter, lumen size, thickness/organization of walls)
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arteries: smaller diameters, smaller lumens, thicker/more organized walls
veins: larger diameters, larger lumens, thinner/less organized walls |
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thin-walled, endothelium-lined channels that serve as a drainage system for returning interstitial tissue fluid & inflammatory cells to the blood
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lymphatics
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constitutes an appropriate pathway for disease dissemination thru transport of bacteria & tumor cells to distant sites
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lymphatic system
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3 major processes that characterize blood vessel formation & remodeling
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vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, arteriogenesis
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de novo formation of blood vessels during embryogenesis involving vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) &recruitment of pericytes/smooth muscle cells (angiopoietin 1 binds to endothelial cell Tie2 receptors)
hemangioblast angiogenic precursors → endothelial cells → primitive vascular plexus → vascular system |
vasculogenesis
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process of new vessel formation in mature organism
a.k.a. neovascularization |
angiogenesis
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process of remodeling of existing arteries in response to chronic changes in pressure/flow involving endothelial cell-derived factors & smooth muscle cell- derived factors
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arteriogenesis
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small arterioles arising from outside large & medium-sized vessels that course into the outer half to two-thirds of the media from the adventitia to nourish the vessels
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vasa vasorum
("vessels of vessels" |
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outer limit of media of most arteries
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external elastic lamina
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dense elastic membrane that separates the intima from the media
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internal elastic lamina
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blood vessel layer consisting of a single layer of endothelial cells with minimal underlying subendothelial connective tissue
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intima
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outpouchings in cerebral vessels due to congenital wall weakness that can cause fatal intracerebral hemmorhages if ruptured
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developmental or berry aneurysms
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abnormal communications between arteries & veins that bypass intervening capillaries
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arteriovenous fistulas
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focal irregular thickening & attenuation of arterial wall due to intimal & medial hyperplasia & fibrosis
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fibromuscular dysplasia
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