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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
associative learning
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learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)
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respondent behavior
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behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
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operant conditioning
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a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
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operant behavior
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behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
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law of effect
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Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
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operant chamber
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in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking
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learning
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a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
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shaping
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an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
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reinforcer
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in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
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positive reinforcement
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increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
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negative reinforcement
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increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as a shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (Note: NOT punishment)
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primary reinforcer
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an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
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conditioned reinforcer
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a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer
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continuous reinforcement
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reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
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partial (intermittent) reinforcement
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reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
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fixed-ratio schedule
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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
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variable-ratio schedule
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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
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fixed-interval schedule
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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
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variable-interval schedule
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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
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punishment
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an even that decreases the behavior that it follows
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cognitive map
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a mental representation of the layout of one's environment.
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latent learning
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learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
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intrinsic motivation
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a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
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extrinsic motivation
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a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
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observational learning
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learning by observing others
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modeling
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the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
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mirror neurons
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frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy
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prosocial behavior
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positive, constructive, helpful behavior.
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antisocial behavior
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negative, unconstructive, and non-helpful behavior
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