Modalities: Physical Agents Overview/concepts Of Healing

Front 1

What are the types of therapeutic modalities?

Back 1

1. Thermal
2. Electromagnetic
3. Mechanical

Front 2

Thermal Modalities is to:

Back 2

alt. blood flow (hot/cold) to decrease pain

Front 3

Electromagnetic Modalities is to:

Back 3

increase wound healing, decrease pain, reeducate, reduce edema

Ex. Tens, neuromusclular,

Front 4

Mechanical Modalities is to:

Back 4

decrease scar formation

Ex. compression & traction

Front 5

Pain Modulation is an:

Back 5

Early belief based on interrupting the ascending pathways of pain

Blocks the transmission of pain along the nerve pathways to the brain

Gate Control Theory of Pain

Front 6

Precautions are:

Back 6

to be aware of & careful

Front 7

Contraindications should:

Back 7

not have certain therapy performed on them.

Ex. Cancer, Pregnancy, Pace Makers, Pain Pumps, Etc.

Front 8

What are the healing mechanism?

Back 8

1. Regeneration
2. Repair
3. Combined Mechanisms

Front 9

Regeneration, a healing mechanism is the:

Back 9

restoration of tissue identical in structure and function to the tissue damaged or lost

Front 10

Repair, a healing mechanism is the:

Back 10

healing through fibrous scar formation alters structure/function

Front 11

Combined Mechanism, a healing mechanism is the:

Back 11

approach of both, and to make healing occur

Front 12

What are the 4 qualities of healing?

Back 12

1. Ideal
2. Acceptable
3. Minimal
4. Failed

Front 13

Ideal, a quality of healing looks like:

Back 13

new tissue identical to the original tissue

Ex. bone, skin, some internal organs

Front 14

Acceptable, a quality of healing looks like:

Back 14

almost a normal structure & appearance but function is altered in some way not optimal function

Ex. Tendon/ligament repair

Front 15

Minimal, a quality of healing looks like:

Back 15

a structure & appearance very minimal to what is was

Ex. Burn victim, very limited ROM

Front 16

Failed, a quality of healing looks like:

Back 16

abnormal, appearance and function/structure

Ex. Artiluar cartilage

Front 17

What are four key successive phases of the healing process are?

Back 17

1. Hemostasis
2. Inflammatory
3. Proliferative
4. Remodeling/Maturation

Front 18

Hemostasis:

Back 18

stops of the bleeding

**emergency response to the damage, forming blood clot, could last secs to mins, hemotoma can occur in this stage

Front 19

Inflammatory:

Back 19

wound cleaned, cellular debris; can last hrs/weeks/day

(color-red; swollen; hot); lose of function due to pain

Front 20

Proliferative is:

Back 20

new and mature tissue replacing damaged tissue, takes weeks to months

Front 21

Fibroplasia is:

Back 21

formation of scar and scar tissue

Front 22

Angiogenesis is:

Back 22

formation of new blood vessels

Front 23

Remodeling/Maturation:

Back 23

takes up to 300 days to replace, fibers forming correct alignment & increases strength

Front 24

The Stages of wound healing affected by chemical mediators are:

Back 24

1. Pain
2. Inflammation
3. Healing and architectural matrix of healing

Front 25

External Defenses are:

Back 25

1. Skin
2. Acid mantle
3. Keratin
4. Mucous membranes

Front 26

Internal Defenses are:

Back 26

Natural Killer Cells (NK) & Phagocytes

Front 27

What happens if the defense system does not work?

Back 27

Physical trauma (contusion)
intense heat or chemicals
infection

Front 28

Goals for acute response of the defense system are:

Back 28

1. Prevent spread of damaging pathogens
2. Dispose of waste, along with dead cells and pathogens
3. Set the stage for Repair

Front 29

Rubar means:

Back 29

redness

Front 30

Tumor means:

Back 30

Swelling

Front 31

Calor means:

Back 31

Heat

Front 32

Dalor means:

Back 32

Pain

Front 33

In the Acute Response:

Back 33

Damaged tissue release chemical mediators into the bloodstream and nearby tissue

Front 34

Some Primary chemical mediators in the acute response are:

Back 34

Kinins
Histamine
Cytokines

Front 35

In the vascular reaction what happens first?

Vasodilation or vasoconstriction

Back 35

Vasoconstriction

Front 36

Vasoconstriction does what?

Back 36

Works to slow hemorrhage and allow for coagulation

May last for seconds or hours

Front 37

Bradykinin is what in vasodilation?

Back 37

Factor 12, promotes vasodilation, exudate

Front 38

Prostaglandin is what in vasodilation?

Back 38

promoting edema to the area

Front 39

Nitric Oxide is what in vasodilation?

Back 39

relaxes smooth muscle to allow vasodilation

Front 40

With formation of Edema, what happens in the vascular reaction?

Back 40

Exudate seeps into tissue spaces

Front 41

Edema has positive consequences, what are they?

Back 41

Dilute harmful substances

Bring in O2 and other nutrients

Lets clotting proteins in , Creating fibrin mesh which allows scaffolding for repair to take place in later processes

Front 42

Edema has negative consequence, what are they?

Back 42

Compression in the vicinity:

which then pushes on nerves eliciting pain

further disallow venous and lymphatic drainage

Front 43

What else can cause pain?

Back 43

Bacterial toxins

Lack of nutrition to cells in the area

Hypersensitivity due to prostaglandin and kinin

Front 44

Cellular Reaction is:

Back 44

Activated by increased permeability and associated platelet aggregation

Front 45

Key roles in the cellular reaction are:

Back 45

1.Platelets
2. Neutrophils
3. Monocytes
4. Macrophages
5. Lymphocytes

Front 46

Platelets are:

Back 46

1. Arrive first when wound is created
2. Bind to exposed fibrillar collagen
3. Starts coagulation cascade which forms fibrin plug

Front 47

Neutrophils are:

Back 47

Secondary to injured cells releasing leukocytosis inducing factors(appear within 1 hr. of injury)

# of neutrophils decrease w/ age

Front 48

Monocytes are:

Back 48

Transform into dendritic cells and macrophages

Appear 2-4 days after injury

**Antigen TO t-cells**

Front 49

Macrophages are:

Back 49

Have phagocytic properties

Removal of dead cells and debris

Consume denatured collagen

Front 50

Lymphocytes are:

Back 50

Arrive approximately 5 days post injury
Prominent in chronic inflammation
Essential for normal tissue repair!
Enhance macrophage function

Key Component to HEALING (Immune System)
**T and B-lymphocytes, & NK cells**

Front 51

After Platelets are formed then:

Back 51

Blood flow slows in the area

Leukocytes come in contact with endothelium &
Begins Margination, Diapedesis, Chemotaxis

Front 52

Margination is:

Back 52

Adhension of leukoytes attaches the endothelim at the start of inflammation

Front 53

Diapedesis is:

Back 53

Letting leukocyte go through capillary wall

Front 54

Chemotaxis is:

Back 54

Calling neutrophils to the site of the injury