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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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fat sources |
brain, skeleton, adipose |
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essential fat in men |
3% |
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essential fat in women |
12% |
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storage fat in men |
10-25% |
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storage fat in women |
18-30% |
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fat free mass |
water, protein, minerals |
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what is LBM? |
lean body mass, muscle! |
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LBM in men vs women |
great in men! |
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LBM increases with what? |
exercise
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major determinant of RMR |
LBM |
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white adipose tissue |
energy reserved fir triglycerides, cushion, insulates to preserve heat |
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brown adipose tissue |
rapid energy source for infants, extensive vascularization for energy and heat production |
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location of lots of mitochondria |
brown adipose tissue! (keep warm) |
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function of brown adipose tissue |
takes up fat and burns it |
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adipocyte |
mature fat cell |
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fill capacity of adipocyte |
80-95% |
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hyperplasia |
increase in number of cells |
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hypertrophy |
increased fat cell size up to 1000x |
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wt loss required to decrease fat cell size |
5% |
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protein and CHO converted to fat by what |
lipoprotein |
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semivolatile organic compounds |
toxins, chemicals, pesticides |
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when does the liver store fat |
when it becomes overwhelmed |
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lipoprotein lipase |
moves lipid from blood into adipocyte |
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greatly effects LPL |
hormones |
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LPL increases when |
during period of weight gain |
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% RMR of total energy expenditure |
60-70% |
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activity thermogenesis |
most variable |
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non-exercise activity |
stand for 2.5 hrs per day to reverse obesity (fidgety people) |
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short term body wt regulation |
1. satiety (satisfaction) 2. hunger 3. appetite |
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long term body wt regulation |
feedback mechanism where signal from adipose tissue is released when normal body composition is disturbed |
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adipocytokines |
protein messangers |
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grhelin |
"go" hinger pangs |
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leptin |
"stop" signals fullness |
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insulin |
controls amount of glucose in the blood moving it into cells for energy |
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adiponectin |
made by fat cells and helps the body respond better to insulin by increasing metabolism |
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never dealing with hunger |
vagus nerve |
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set point theory |
a weight regulating mechanism, located in the hypothalamus of the brain, regulates how much the body should weigh. -maintains fat body needs |
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% adults overweight |
66% |
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% adults obese |
32% |
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children overweight |
1/3 ages 2-19 |
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factors contributing to obesity |
-heredity (50-70%) -notable genes -lifestyle |
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foods promoting obesity |
-trans fat -processed fat |
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foods inhibiting obesity |
-omega 3 -phitochem -antioxidents |
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sleep effects obesity |
shortened sleep alters endocrine regulation of hunger and appetite |
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stress effects obesity |
cortisol increases, increases storage levels |
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obesogens |
chemical compounds foreign to the body that disrupts normal metabolism of lipids
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BMI overweight |
25-29.9
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BMI obese |
>30 |
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BMI morbidly overweight |
>40 |
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best assessment |
waist circumference |
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waist circumference female and male |
>40 men >35 female |
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BF % |
20-35% males 25-32% females |
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about of wt to lose |
1-2 / week |
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decrease kcals per day |
500-1000 |
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BMI needs drugs for wt loss |
>30 or >27 with risk factors |
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how do wt loss drugs work |
-reduce appetite -reduce fat absorbance 0increase energy expenditure |
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sibutramine (Meridia) |
increase metabolic rate, increase satienty and reduce hunger, fairly effective. caution of hypternsion |
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Orlistat (Xenical. Alli) |
reduce fat absorption |
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BMI for bariatric surgery |
>40 or >35 with cormobilities |
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surgery for those who eat large (not snackers) |
adjustable gastric band |
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capacity of stomach for adjustable gastric band |
10-15mL |
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removes 80% of stomach where 90% of ghrelin is made |
vertical band gastroplasty surgery |
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roux-N-Y |
small portion of stomach connected directly to the jejunum (limiting whats absorbed) |
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Bilipancreactic Diversion-Duodenal Switch |
stomach attached to last 250cm of SI (ileum) (have to take multivitamin everyday) |
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common post-op micronutrient def. |
-Thiamin -vitamin B12 -folic acid-iron -Ca and vit D -Vit A, E, K and Zinc -copper |
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Thiamin def symptoms |
burning feet, neuropathy, vomiting |
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Vitamin B12 def symptoms |
-numbness and tingling in fingers -low Hgb, high MCV and MCH |
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folic acid def symptoms |
fatigue. weakness. headache. diff concentrating, diarrhea, red painful tongue |
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iron def symptoms |
craving ice, non-food materials, pallor, short breath spoon shaped nails |
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diabetes def |
high blood glucose concentrations as a result of defects of insulin secretion or action |
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labs for glu intolerance |
2 hrs post glu 140-199 mg/dL |
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labs for impaired fasting glucose |
110-125 mg/dL |
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usually not obese |
Type 1 |
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excessive thirst and hunger |
type 1 |
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frequent urination |
type 1 |
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sig wt loss |
type 1 |
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destruction of pancreatic beta cells = insulin def |
type 1 |
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hyperglycemia, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance |
type 1 |
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5% of all DM |
type 1 |
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common age for type 1 |
<30 |
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2 forms of type 1 |
1. immune mediated DM 2. Idiopathic Type 1 DM |
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immune mediated DM |
autoimmune destruction of beta cells |
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idopathic type 1 DM |
unknown etiology |
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90-95% cases of DM |
type 2 |
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develops gradually |
type 2 |
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type 2 BMI risk factor |
>25 |
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ethnicity common for type 2 |
hispanic, native american, asian, asian american |
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results from combination of -insulin resistance -damaged beta cells -dec insulin production overtime |
type 2 |
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gestational diabetes |
pregnant diabetes |
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% diabetes in pregnancies |
7 |
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trimester diagnoses of gestational |
2nd or 3rd |
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cause of gestational diabetes |
insulin antagonist hormone levels rise and insulin resistance occurs |
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who should be screened for dm? |
>45, repeat every 3 years |
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s/s of insulin resistance |
gray brown spots on skin |
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diabetes treatment goals |
-FPG <100 -hemoglobin A1c <7% |
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blood pressure for diabetes |
< 130/80 |
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diabetic ketoacidosis |
body depends on fat for energy ketones form and spill into urine --> acidosis |
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s/s of diabetic ketoacidosis |
polyuria, polydipsia, hyperventilation, dehydration -lead to coma and death |
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treatment for DKA |
insulin, fluid and electrolyte replacement |
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fasting hyperglycemia |
lack of enough insulin for all night -3am check |
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hyperosmolar hyperglycemia state |
extremely high BG 600-2000 |
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gastroparesis |
delayed or irregular contractions of the GI tract |
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insulin resistance |
normal insulin production fails to produce a normal insulin response from fat, muscle and liver cells |
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insulin resistance s/s |
-sleepy -hyperglycemia -wt gain -inc BP -inc TG -depression |
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insulin resistance treatment |
-exercise and wt loss -medications |
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sulfonlyunrea target |
pancreas |
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sulfonlyunrea action |
stimulate insulin secretion |
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meglitinides target |
pancreas |
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meglitinides action |
increase insulin secretion in presence of glucose |
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biguanides target |
liver |
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biguanides action |
reduce liver glucose production, enhance insulin sensitivity, inc intestinal glucose absorption |
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thiazolidinediones target |
muscle, fat, liver |
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thiazolidinediones action |
dec insulin resistance, suppress glucose production in liver |
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alpha-glucosidase inhibitors target |
small intestines |
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alpha-glucosidase inhibitors action |
reduce CHO metabolism, delays glucose absorption by 1/3 |
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glucovance-sulfonlyurea/ biguanide |
stimulate insulin secretion/ dec hepatic glucose |
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avabdamet-TZD/ biguanide |
insulin sensitizer / dec hepatic glucose |
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metaglip-sulfonylurea/ biguanide |
stimulate insulin secretion/ dec hepatic glucose |
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time for rapid acting |
30min-1hr |
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time for short acting |
4-6 hr |
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time for intermediate acting |
10-12hr |
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time for long acting |
12 hr |
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carbohydrate / activity |
15g for every 30-60 min |
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exercise prescription |
150min min /week |
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1 serving size CHO |
15 g |
