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421 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1. Sahelanthropus tchadensis was found in 2002 in northern Chad, located on the accompanying map in zone (p. 9)
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C
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Today, northern Chad suffers from excessive
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dryness
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Paleontologists are specialists in ancient
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life forms
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The term "hominid" applies to any form which in the descent line leading (p. 10)
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to modern humans but not to any modern apes
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Compared to a human skull, a chimpanzee skull has (pp 16-17)
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-a less prominent chin
-teeth better adapted to piercing -a thicker arch of bone (zygomatic arch) just over the upper shaft (ramus) of the jaw bone. |
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Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species, published in 1859, (p. 11-19)
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-came out about three years after the discovery of the first human fossils found in Europe
-argued that new species arose from earlier ones through differential adaptation to their environment -did not discuss human evolution |
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Darwin's the Descent of Man was first published (p. 19)
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about a dozen years after The Origin of Species
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In the world of six million to four million years ago, hominids were
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found only in Africa
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So-called "radiometric" data is based on (p. 22)
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the decay of unstable, radioactive atoms into stable, non-radioactive ones
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The Neanderthal fossil discovered in the Neander Valley ("Thal") in 1857 consisted of (p. 13)
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part of a skull plus parts of several other bones
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The Neanderthal find itself is dated in years before present ("BP") at about (p. 13)
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40,000
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Darwin's residence in the English countryside was called (p. 18)
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Down House
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The English bishop who opposed Darwin in a debate at Oxford in 1860 was (p. 21)
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Samuel Wilberforce
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A conodont is valuable to geologists because
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it was an ancient vertebrate with abundant fossils
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Binocular vision, a trait of all primates, refers to having (p. 26)
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two eyes placed so that their visual fields overlap
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At the end of the Cretaceous period catastrophic extinctions occurred, probably due to (p. 27)
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the earth being hit by an asteroid
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Mammals at the end of the Cretaceous period, about 65,000,000 years ago, (p. 27)
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already consisted of several groups, one of which was the primates
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Earliest surviving fossils of primates date from the Paleocene (which followed the Cretaceous) would have looked to the untutored modern eye like (p. 29)
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squirrels
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Before about 25 million years ago, most early (Paleocene) apes seem to have (p. 30)
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dwelt in trees
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Until we exterminate the last of them, the living primates genetically most similar to humans are (p. 31-33)
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chimpanzees
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Once we exterminate the last of the primates mentioned in the previous question (and assuming we exterminate no others), the living primates genetically most similar to humans will be (p. 31-33)
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gorillas
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When "Java Man," was discovered in 1891, one trait that was important in identifying it as belonging to the genus Homo was (p. 37)
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the position of the hole (foramen magnum) in the skull where it attached to the spine
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The fossil named "Lucy," discovered in 1973, belonged to a species now called Australopithecus afarensis. She (pp 38-39 (Select four.)
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-walked upright
-had a brain about a third the size of ours -is only about half as old as Sahelanthropus tchadensis -was represented by all or part of over thirty surviving bones |
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When paleontologists speak of more or less "bushiness," they refer to (pp 39-40)
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whether similar specimens should generally be classed as separate species (a "bushy" family tree) or should often be "lumped" as simply insignificantly different members of the same species (a "less bushy" family tree)
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The reason why it is ignorant (or stupid) to talk about a "missing link" is that (pp. 42-43)
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it implies that an ancestral form will be intermediate between two living forms, as though one modern form were derived from the other
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If we imagine a straight line of evolution from a hypothetical ancestor of all modern primates to modern humans, what is the order in which the distinctive ancestors of modern primates "broke away" from this "main" trunk? (Top is most recent.)
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-humans
-chimpanzees -gorillas -orangs -gibbons |
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Arrange the following hominids forms in historical order from most recent (top) to earliest (bottom) (p. 41)
(9 hominids) |
-Homo sapiens
-Homo neanderthalensis -Homo heidelbergensis -Homo erectus -Homo ergaster -Homo habilis -Australopithecus africanus -Australopithecus afarensis -Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
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During the Paleocene, Wyoming was covered by (p. 29)
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tropical forests
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The current majority hypothesis about changes in the climate in Wyoming during the Paleocene was that they had to do with (p. 29)
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reductions in carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air
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The length of the human genome, counted in nucleotides, is about (p. 28)
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three billion
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Gigantopithecus, an extinct ape (known only from countless teeth and three jaws), probably weighed about how much (in pounds)? (p. 31)
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1200
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Two human illnesses that chimpanzees seem not to contract are (p. 35) (Select two.)
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AIDS and Alzheimer's
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So-called "Java Man," the first of the Homo erectus fossils to be identified, was found in the (p. 36)
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1891
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The Rift Valley of Africa where so many fossils have been found runs between South Africa in the south and, in the north, (p. 38)
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Ethiopia
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The fossil named Lucy and the earlier fossil classified as Ardipithecus ramidus were both found in (pp 38-39)
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Ethiopia
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Further study sometimes justifies the reclassification of a biological form. One example of this is the bonobo, formerly considered to be the same species as the (p. 33)
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chimpanzee
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Similarly some of the fossil forms now usually classed in the new genus "Paranthropus" were formerly considered merely to be robust species within the genus Australopithecus. Which Australopithecus forms in the following list are now usually classed instead as Paranthropus (p. 41)...
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aethiopius, bosei, robustus
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When the "Taung Child," an Australopithecus africanus, was discovered in South Africa in 1924, anatomist Raymond Dart noticed that the foramen magnum was located almost exactly on the bottom of the skull, suggesting that when alive the Taung Child must have (p. 49)
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walked upright
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The famous footprints found in volcanic ash at Laetoli have been dated to about 3,500,000 years ago. They appear to have been made by members of the same Australopithecus species as Lucy, namely (pp. 49-50)
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afarensis
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Australopithecus afarensis was pretty clearly bipedal with some features of the skeleton also reminiscent of arboreal primates. Most specialists conclude that afarensis bipedalism
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was accompanied by a good deal of afarensis arboreality
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Generally speaking, bipedalism provides an advantage in moving (p. 54) (Select two.)
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long distances
while foraging |
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The living primates most genetically similar to humans practice "knuckle walking." The more distantly relates orangutans do not, and seem to be better adapted to brachiating and tree-branch walking. One proposed hypothesis that this inspires is that (p. 59)
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primate knuckle walking evolved after the line leading to modern orangs had split from the line leading to modern great apes
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Gibbons are less closely related to humans than orangs are. Based on the previous question, we can predict that gibbons
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do not engage in knuckle walking
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Zimmer speaks of Darwin's "evolutionary zoo"; this refers (p. 45)
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metaphorically to the animals whom Darwin specifically studied
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When Orrorin tugensis was discovered in Kenya in 2002, and was dated to about 6,000,000 years before present (BP) a portion of the top of the femur was found, which impressed researchers because it looked like the femur of (p. 50)
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a bipedal animal
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Computer simulations of the biomechanics of Australopithecus afarensis bipedalism make different hypotheses about, for example, how upright the body wasl held or how bent the knees were. from these studies, it appears that if Lucy had a slumped over, bent-kneed gait, and if she sustained it for a long distance, she would (p. 57)
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soon have become overheated
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Experiments have shown that chimpanzees can be taught to make chipped stone tools. TRUE OR FALSE
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False
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The hands of chimpanzees are proportioned enough like human hands that they should have no difficulty crafting stone tools; the problem is not in their hands, but entirely in their brains. (p. 65) TRUE OR FALSE
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False
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Taking group averages, there is a correlation between the size of primate social groups and the dimensions of their brains, suggesting the need for more brain power to negotiate social relationships. (p. 67) TRUE OR FALSE
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True
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Many modern apes make use of termite sticks and bee swatters, which can be classified as tool use. To do this, they require (p. 68-70)
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the opportunity to watch other apes use these tools
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The earliest stone tools yet discovered (found in the 1980s) come from Gona, Ethiopia, and appear to have been made by (p. 70)
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Australopithecus garhi
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Spurred by the association discovered in 2002 between microcephaly, a human birth defect, and a defective gene called ASPM, medical researchers explored the possibility of a cure for the problem in genetic medicine. For paleontologists, it suggested that (p. 72) the appearance of ASPM might be associated with the original emergence of
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an enlarged cerebral cortex in some primates
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Homo erectus is sometimes described as the first of the Homo line to be carnivorous. This is NOT associated with changes in (pp. 72-77) (Select two.)
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bipedalism and mating patterns
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Arrange the following primates in order of brain size, with the largest at the top (p. 74).
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-Homo neanderthalensis
-Homo sapiens -Homo erectus -Homo habilis -Australopithecus africanus -Pan troglodytes (chimpanzees) |
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The oldest stone tools yet discovered (found at Gona, Ethiopia) date from about what date before present (BP)?
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2,600,000
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The tools from Gonaare (p. 69)...
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a mix of core and flake tools
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Ounce for ounce, the brain of a primate consumes more caloric and oxygen intake than does muscle tissue. In modern humans, how much more oxygen does one's brain take than a comparable weight of one's muscle? (p. 72)
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12 times
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Ounce for ounce, the brain of a primate consumes more caloric and oxygen intake than does muscle tissue. In modern humans, the proportion of the calories one consumes that one's brain takes is about one (p. 72)
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fifth
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The first human (Homo) form to move from Africa to Eurasia was (p. 89-91)
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Homo erectus
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It seems most probable that the Homo line evolved out of the Australopithecus line, but specialists disagree about which of two species is more likely to be ancestral (if either). They are (p. 80) (Select two.)
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-africanus
-afarensis |
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Homo erectus (Asia) and Homo ergaster (Africa) are considered by some specialists to be different species, by others to be the same species (all H. erectus.) Comparing the Homo erectus photo on p. 78 with the Homo ergaster photo on p. 83, and overlooking the condition of the specimens, the major difference seems to be that Homo ergaster has (p. 91)
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a lower brain case
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Modern human brains tend to average about
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1400cc
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It has been argued by some specialists that the "suite" of physiological changes appearing in Homo erectus/ergaster represent an adaptation to (p. 85)
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running
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Because of human bipedalism, the birth canal is quite narrow, resulting in (p. 86)
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difficult and painful births
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The evolutionary effect of narrow birth canals was (p. 86)
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long post-partem ("after birth") infantile dependency
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Modern chimpanzees, the primates closest genetically to humans, exhibit a social structure in which males compete to copulate with available females, and females try to mate with as many males as possible. Humans in contrast usually exhibit continuing male involvement with their mates and children, a trait attributed by many specialists to the need (p. 87)
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for mothers to be supported in caring for children during a very long period of childhood incompetence
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In modern non-human primates, females seldom live long past menopause, but in humans life continues long past menopause, which sometimes merely marks the mid-point of a woman's life. An explanation which has been proposed for this is that (p. 88)
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there is an evolutionary advantage to the gene pool in having the extra labor of the infertile grandmothers
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The route taken by Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis expansions from Africa into Eurasia are believed to have passed through (p. 90)
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the Levant (lands of the eastern end of the Mediterranean)
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The bright white stone tool in the middle of the third row or fourth from the top of the picture of Acheulean tools on page 93 is a
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hand axe
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Acheulean (ash-oo-LEE-an) tools, associated with Homo erectus/ergaster, are called Acheulean because
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the style was first identified at a French town called Saint Acheul
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One can speak of an Acheulean tool kit for about 1.4 million years, during which there was (p. 92)
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virtually no variation across either space or time except in the kind of stone used
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Homo heidelbergensis/rhodesiensis had a brain capacity of about 1200 cc, which is (p. 94)
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about 200 cc less than ours
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The oldest wooden tools ever found, dating to 400,000 years ago, are (p. 97)
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spears
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The Herto skulls of Ethiopia, found in 1997, are the earliest Homo sapiens specimens we have so far. They differ only slightly from later H. sapiens, for example, in having slightly (p. 101)
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longer faces
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Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (p. 105) (Check two.)
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-is not located in the cell nucleus
-is transmitted only by females |
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So-called Mitochondrial Eve has been seriously misunderstood by the public. Which of the following statements are ARE part of what scientists are saying: (pp 107-108) (Select two.)
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-Mitochondrial Eve is the most recent female ancestor whom all humans have in common
-Mitochondrial Eve was a real person |
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Since 2000, study of the Y chromosome, transmitted only by men, has sought to pursue the same methods used to study mtDNA and see what kind of date might emerge for a common male ancestor for all living humans. (p. 109) (Select three.)
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-He would logically have to have been a real person.
-The Y chromosome is harder to study because each cell has only one, but has thousands of mitochondria -This research also suggests a recent Homo sapiens origin in Africa. |
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Some specialists suspect that Homo sapiens may occasionally have mated with other hominid forms they encountered. (Genetic studies have done no more than vaguely hint that a few crosses might have been fertile.) The one form that does not overlap at all in time seems to be (109-110)
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Homo habilis
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When first published, the pictures on p. 114 and 116 (from the same site) caused an enormous stir because
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they represented the earliest "art" known, hence evidence for "symbolic thought"
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The Awash region of Ethiopia is home to a remarkably fecund source of early hominid fossils, ranging in time so far from Ardipithecus (5,000,000 years old) to the Herto find dated to about 160,000 BP. Awash National Park is located about 100 miles due east of Addis Ababa, near the
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center of the country
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The recent ability to extract some DNA from incompletely mineralized fossil primates has allowed a comparison of Neanderthal and Homo sapiens DNA, suggesting a date for the most recent common ancestor at about (p. 109)
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500,000 BP
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The famous Carbon-14 method of dating doesn't work on materials after virtually all of the carbon-14 has already decayed to carbon-12. That means that its effective limit is about
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40,000 BC
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For some decades, specialists have been puzzled by the variety of fossil hominids found in Israel. Initially some were seen as more sapiens-like (or "progressive") Neanderthals, while others looked more like European Neanderthals. As dating methods improved, it became obvious that some (not all) of the "progressive" individuals were older than some (not all) of the more quintessentially Neanderthal looking specimens. With the development of DNA research, a new interpretation is emerging: (p. 123)
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the region had more than one "migration" by both types of Homo
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Compared with Homo sapiens, Homo neanderthalensis was (pp 124-126) (Select two.)
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-far more muscular
-much stronger |
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The broad model of climate-driven migration --northward in warm times, southward in cold times-- seems not to apply well (p. 127)...
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to the population movements of about 50,000 BP
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At this time, specialists envision several migrations of descendents of Mitochondrial Eve, the earliest occurring (pp 128-129)
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across Africa
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As far as is known at this time, Homo sapiens arrived in (p. 129)
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Australia before Europe
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To the extent that hominid expansion from Africa into Eurasia followed coastal routes, it is difficult to trace because (p. 130)
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of global warming
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Despite a miniscule amount of "art work" with earlier dates, the production of figurines, jewelry, wall art, etc. as well as dramatic improvements in hunting technology suddenly exploded among Homo sapiens populations in a cultural complex that most authors (other than Zimmer) refer to as "Upper Paleolithic" technology. The UP is usually considered to have begun about 30,000 years ago (based exclusively on European finds), but Zimmer sees it as actually picking up about (p. 132)...
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50,000BP
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The probability that all modern humans are descended from Mitochondrial Eve has the necessarily implication that all earlier human forms eventually became extinct. In an effort to fill in that story, scientists working in Java discovered that (pp. 138-139)
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Homo erectus forms, like those presumed ancestral to Homo heidelbergensis, were apparently still living in Indonesia after Homo sapiens arrived in Asia
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In 2004, a kind of miniature Homo form —Homo floresiensis (nicknamed "hobbits")— was discovered on the island of Flores, overlapping in time with Homo sapiens in Indonesia. These "hobbits" (pp. 141-142) (Select four.)
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-have been dismissed by some specialists as Homo sapiens specimens suffering from microcephaly
-seem to have been descended from Homo erectus ancestors, not from Homo heidelbergensis -had smaller brains than any other known hominid -may have become extinct when Homo sapiens arrived and hunted them for food |
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Unlike the brow ridges of most other hominids, those of Neanderthals (p. 123)
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were extremely porous
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The population of the Andaman Islands has had little interaction with other populations, and Zimmer says that "their roots reach far back in time, close to the origin of all living humans," a carelessly worded statement of their genetic distinctiveness. By "origin of all living humans" in this passage, Zimmer apparently means (p. 128)
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Mitochondrial Eve
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Which of the following modern states is closest to the Andaman Islands? (p. 128; atlas pages 5, 22, 25)
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Myanmar
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short or long fuse?
The underlying issue is climate change |
Long Fuse
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short or long fuse?
The underlying issue is genetic change |
Short Fuse
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short or long fuse?
The underlying issue is population increase |
Long Fuse
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short or long fuse?
The changes are largely social and cultural |
Long Fuse
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short or long fuse?
FOXP2 appears to have undergone "intense natural selection" within the past 200,000 years |
Short Fuse
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short or long fuse?
Neanderthal "Chatelperronian" technology appears to be a (rather bad) imitation of Homo sapiens technology |
Short Fuse
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The Ngandong site is located on the Indonesian island of Java. Looking at a map of Indonesia (such as the one on pp. 22-23 of your atlas), Java is
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the long skinny island on the bottom, part of the "Greater Sunda Islands"
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The island of Flores, home to Homo floresiensis ("hobbits") is located (atlas pp. 22-23)
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east of Java
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According to Zimmer, our bodies contain vestiges of obsolete adaptations to vanished conditions. One example offered is that the human spine is adapted to (p. 146)
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quadrupedalism
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Evolutionary psychologists (sociobiologists) seek evolutionary rationales for traits of human psychology and behavior. One example is the evolution of a person's jealousy (in the sense of possessiveness, not envy!) of a spouse. It is proposed that underlying this is an inherited instinct
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to protect one's "genetic investment" (children), which one "can't afford" to lose
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Another example of the hypotheses produced by evolutionary psychologists suggests that the conditions of human existence have produced pressures over thousands of years such that logical manipulations are better handled (p. 148)
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as applied to a real-world example than as a set of abstract symbols
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Modern "races" don't really exist, in the sense that (p. 149-150)
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there is far more variation within a "racial" group than between groups
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Genetic drift occurs (p. 152)
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especially in very small populations
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Skin color is hypothesized to have come to vary in hominid populations (pp. 152-153) (Select two.)
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-after the loss of body hair left the skin exposed
-in response to the intensity of sunlight in different environments |
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Because human beings change the environment, the affect the evolutionary processes both for themselves and for the plants and animals (including disease organisms) with which they interact. One example is malaria, borne by a mosquito parasite called Plasmodium falciparum, which has become more widespread because of the expansion of (p. 158)
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agriculture
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A large population provides more opportunity for genetic mutations, most of which tend to have little effect or else a negative one. One observation (by Matt Hurles) is that the mechanics of infertility are such that the probability of a mutation producing infertile matches is greater across genetically less similar individuals. Thus a very large, very diverse population (like that population of the earth today and in the near future) risks (pp. 162-163)
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eventual separation into separately breeding subgroups
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Evolutionary biologists have proposed that men are attracted to women with large breasts, small waists, and broad hips because (p. 146)
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such women are generally more fertile, and hence more likely to be good "gene carriers" for the men
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Eskimos have darker skin that might be predicted because (p. 153)
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a rich supply of vitamin D in their fish-heavy diet reduces their dependency on sunlight
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DNA evidence developed in 2004 suggests that many people in Siberia carry a mutation causing (p. 154)
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more mitochondrial heat production from the same caloric intake
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Germ line modification refers to (p. 157)
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implanting new genes into a human embryo, producing a heritable change in its genetic makeup
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An example of the continuing co-adaptation of humans and their environments relates to adult lactase production, apparently increased by a mutation of a gene called LCT. By modifying what the carriers could digest, the mutation seems to have increased reproductive success for individuals in populations involved with (p. 155)
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cattle herding
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Homo or Austalopithecus?
sapiens |
Homo
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Homo or Austalopithecus?
aethiopicus |
Australopithecus
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Homo or Austalopithecus?
afarensis |
Australopithecus
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Homo or Austalopithecus?
Africanus |
Australopithecus
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Homo or Austalopithecus?
Anamensis |
Australopithecus
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Homo or Austalopithecus?
Boisei |
Australopithecus
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Homo or Australopithecus?
erectus |
Homo
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Homo or Australopithecus?
ergaster |
Homo
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Homo or Australopithecus?
habilis |
Homo
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Homo or Australopithecus?
heidelbergensis |
Homo
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Homo or Australopithecus?
neanderthalensis |
Homo
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Homo or Australopithecus?
robustus |
Australopithecus
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Homo or Australopithecus?
rudolfensis |
Homo
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What type of period is: Jurassic
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Geological Time Span
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What type of period is: Aurignacian
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Tool Assemblage
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What type of period is: Bronze Age
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Technological Stage
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What type of period is: Holocene
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Geological Time Span
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What type of period is: Iron Age
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Technological Stage
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What type of period is: Magdalenian
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Tool Assemblage
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What type of period is: Middle Paleolithic
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Technological Stage
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What type of period is: Mindel
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Glaciation
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What type of period is: Miocene
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Geological Time Span
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What type of period is: Mousterian
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Tool Assemblage
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What type of period is Neolithic?
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Technological Stage
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What type of period is: Paleolithic
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Technological Stage
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What type of period is: Pleistocene
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Geological Time Span
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What type of period is: Pliocene?
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Geological Time Span
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What type of period is: Quaternary
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Geological Time Span
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What type of period is: Riss
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Glaciation
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What type of period is: Solutrean?
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Tool Assemblage
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What type of period is: Triassic
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Geological Time Span
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What type of period is: Upper Acheulean
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Tool Assemblage
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What type of period is: Upper Paleolithic
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Technological Stage
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What type of period is: Wisconsin?
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Glaciation
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What type of period is: Würm
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Glaciation
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The hyoid bone is the small, U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports its muscles. The discovery and analysis of a Neanderthal hyoid bone convinced specialists that Neanderthals...
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probably were able to speak, although we do not know what their language would have been like
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|
The woman abducted by the Neanderthal group in the film
|
was about 11 years old
|
|
|
The film represents Neanderthals as spending about four hours a day grooming. Although no explanation is given of how we know this, we are told (presumably on the basis of comparative evidence from other human and non-human primates) that (Select two.)
|
-Neanderthals found this pleasurable
-grooming was a form of communication, demonstrating loyalty and trust |
|
|
The film represents Neanderthal bands as made up of between 8 and 25 individuals and having a "territory" of about 27 square miles, or roughly the range
|
of an average day's hunt
|
|
|
The majority of all Neanderthals (Select three.)
|
-did not reach the age of 40
-suffered serious physical injury sooner or later -Lived on a diet that was about 85% meat |
|
|
The film describes fire as important to Neanderthals because it was a source of warmth and because
|
it repelled predators
|
|
|
The film describes Neanderthals as both cooking meat and eating it raw, but suggests that cooking was important because (Select two.)
|
-cooking food destroys some parasites and bacteria
-cooking food breaks down proteins and fats making them easier to digest |
|
|
The Cro-Magnon depicted in the film differed from the Neanderthals in many ways. One thing he did that they did not do was
|
wear shell jewelry
|
|
|
Linnaeus, in his attempt to classify all living things, created four categories of humans, Homo sapiens Africanus nigrus, Homo sapiens Americanus rubescens, Homo sapiens Asiaticus fuscusens, and Homo sapiens Europaeus albescens. Each of these four was thought by Linnaeus to be a
|
race
|
|
|
Rensberger describes Carlton Coon's conviction that modern races (Select two.)
|
-originally constituted five "pure" races, all now mixed
-evolved in parallel without significant racial "mixing" until about 1500 |
|
|
Rensberger speaks of hybrid vigor, a technical term referring to the phenomenon that the products of cross-breeding of different strains
|
often exhibit superior combinations
|
|
|
Rensberger presents "north-south" climate differences as the major source of environmental selection for what are sometimes thought of as racial traits. A prime example is skin color. However not all such traits have satisfactory environmental explanations. Which of the following does he argue can NOT be so explained?
|
ear wax consistency
|
|
|
People in warm climates often have black hair, while northern Europeans often have extremely pale hair. This seems odd because black is a color which absorbs heat more than lighter colors do. Rensberger explains that
|
pale hair allows more sunlight to reach the skin and warm it, while black hair holds the heat away from the body
|
|
|
Rensberger mentions "sexual selection" in addition to "natural selection" and "breeding." Sexual selection refers to the greater probability of attractive individuals finding mates. He tells us that this has been proposed as an explanation for the incidence in some populations of seemingly useless male traits such as (Select two.)
|
-purple penises
-heavy beards |
|
|
Popular ideas about different races derive from
|
center-focused definitions
|
|
|
Among traits that vary dramatically by population is the ability of adults to digest milk, which is naturally digested by infants in all human groups. Rensberger tells us that "about 90 percent of Orientals and blacks lose this ability by the time they reach adulthood and become quite sick when they drink milk." Herding groups in Asia and Africa, he tells us,
|
turn the milk into yogurt or cheese, thus letting the fermentation bacteria predigest the milk for them
|
|
|
Rensberger does not discuss Mitochondrial Eve because that research
|
had not been done at the time he wrote this article
|
|
|
dependent/independent variable?
"Better nutrition means people live longer." Nutrition in this statement is a |
determining (independent) variable
|
|
|
dependent/independent variable?
"It looks as though bipedalism in Australopithecus may have become more prominent because of changes in the ecological context." Bipedalism in this statement is a |
dependent variable
|
|
|
dependent/independent variable?
"Bipedalism is appears to have been an important factor in many of the skeletal changes we see in late Australopithecus forms. Bipedalism in this statement is a |
determining (independent) variable
|
|
|
dependent/independent variable?
"The extreme danger of unattended births in humans derives from the rotation of the fetus as it emerges through the birth canal." Rotation in this statement is the |
determining (independent) variable
|
|
|
dependent/independent variable?
"The fetus rotates because the birth canal, always tight, is slightly larger side-to-side than front-to-back, while the baby's head is slightly longer front-to-back than side-to-side. But rotation must occur again to accommodate the shoulders, leaving the child, in most cases, facing the mother's back." Rotation in this statement is a |
dependent variable
|
|
|
It is awkward to speak of "feudalism" in the American Congress because
|
the Congress lies outside the range of convenience of the term "feudalism"
|
|
|
dependent/independent variable?
"The small birth canal means that, in comparative perspective, human infants can't grow large enough to reach mental maturity until long after birth, producing a long period of infantile dependency that is one of the universals of the human condition." Dependency in this statement is a |
dependent variable
|
|
|
dependent/independent variable?
"To understand the breakdown of Yugoslavia, it is important to give attention not merely to ancient ethnic tensions, which most observers agree had largely faced until they were fanned, like embers, back into relevance, but also to differences in economic development in the several regions, ranging from comparative wealth in Slovenia to persistent poverty in Macedonia." Economic differences in this statement are a |
determining (independent) variable
|
|
|
center or boundary focused?
"If you don't pay your fees by tomorrow, your registration will be cancelled." In this statement, the definition of "registration" seems to be |
boundary focused
|
|
|
center or boundary focused?
"Archaeologists define a stone 'blade' as any tool that is at least twice as long as it is wide." In this statement, the definition of "blade" seems to be |
boundary focused
|
|
|
center or boundary focused?
"In traditional China, most small religious organizations were usually suspected of sedition." In this statement, the definition of "traditional China" seems to be |
center focused
|
|
|
center or boundary focused?
"A shaman is a religious healer who (1) experiences out-of-body travel in a trance and (2) performs a sucking cure." In this statement, the definition of "shaman" seems to be |
boundary focused
|
|
|
center or boundary focused?
"His house is worth a lot more than what he bought it for 40 years ago." In this statement, the definition of "a lot" seems to be |
center focused
|
|
|
center or boundary focused?
"Her attitude is so New York." In this statement, the definition of "New York" seems to be |
center focused
|
|
|
center or boundary focused?
"There is a lot of variation in the financial resources of registered UCSD students." In this statement, the definition of "students" seems to be |
boundary focused
|
|
|
center or boundary focused?
"There is a lot of variation in the financial resources of registered UCSD students." In this statement, the definition of "financial resources" seems to be |
center focused
|
|
|
center or boundary focused?
"Under Massachusetts and California law, same-sex marriage is officially recognized." In this statement, the definition of "marriage" seems to be |
boundary focused
|
|
|
center or boundary focused?
"Any exam with a score between 70 and 80 percent will receive a grade of B." in this statement B seems to be |
boundary focused
|
|
|
center or boundary focused?
"There is a lot of variation in the family background of registered UCSD students." In this statement, the definition of "family background" seems to be |
center focused
|
|
|
center or boundary focused?
"In two the 'family background' spaces, please write the name of the country where each of your parents was born." In this statement, the definition of "family background" seems to be |
boundary focused
|
|
|
center or boundary focused?
"'Bribe' is such an ugly word; think of it as a 'gift' instead." In this statement, the definition of "bribe" seems to be |
center focused
|
|
|
center or boundary focused?
"My parents were both B students, so they don't put a lot of pressure on me to get As." In this statement B seems to be |
center focused
|
|
|
"For present purposes, we shall take annual family income in 1995 dollars as our measure of social class, even though everyone knows that social class includes other features, such as education or life style." In this statement, "social class" has been
|
operationalized
|
|
|
lumper or splitter theory?
"The differences between Peking Man and Java Man are potentially quite significant." |
splitter
|
|
|
lumper or splitter theory?
"The differences between Peking Man and Java Man are quite trivial." |
lumper
|
|
|
lumper or splitter theory?
"Researchers today announced the discovery of a new specimen of Australopithecus afarensis." |
lumper
|
|
|
lumper or splitter theory?
"Researchers today announced the discovery of a new fossil, tentatively identified as a possible subspecies of Australopithecus afarensis, to be called Australopithecus afarensis jordani" |
splitter
|
|
|
lumper or splitter theory?
"Any language may be divided into dialects and even idiolects, but such differences rarely matter to the student of Japanese." |
lumper
|
|
|
lumper or splitter theory?
"This dissertation deals with the Jamul dialect of the Diegeño language, as represented in the speech of the late Mrs. Christopher Walker." |
splitter
|
|
|
lumper or splitter theory?
"Although there have been many Homo erectus finds in Eurasia, this is the first Homo ergaster in that region." |
splitter
|
|
|
lumper or splitter theory?
"Certain words are distinctively associated with men's speech or women's speech, or in the speech of children of various ages." |
splitter
|
|
|
lumper or splitter theory?
"Pentecostals believe in gifts of the spirit, so they practice speaking in tongues." |
lumper
|
|
|
lumper or splitter theory?
"To predict enrollments accurately, we need to look at the rate of increase not just in the over-all state population, but in the various subgroups, since they are not all equally likely to attend college." |
splitter
|
|
|
lumper or splitter theory?
"In this article, we shall try to organize this diverse material into two broad categories." |
lumper
|
|
|
lumper or splitter theory?
"Failure to distinguish between witchcraft and sorcery has led French researchers to misunderstand the psychodynamics of both phenomena." |
splitter
|
|
|
The average height of the BaMbuti is just under how many feet? (For a note on the words "Negro" and "Pygmy," see the syllabus for Week III, Monday.)(p. 14)
|
4.5
|
|
|
Turnbull contrasts the Pygmies with "villagers"; the latter, in the area where he did research, are speakers of languages classed as (p. 13) (Select two.)
|
-Bantu
-Sudanic |
|
|
The earliest record of the Pygmies comes from (pp. 15-16)
|
Fourth Dynasty Egypt
|
|
|
Portuguese explorers were confused by the Pygmies, who seemed human, but also seemed to have tails. Turnbull speculates that the tails the Portuguese thought they saw were in fact (p. 17)
|
trailing folds of loincloths
|
|
|
Paul Schebesta was a "White Father" (a religious order named after their white garments) who left an account of the Pygmies that disagreed with Turnbull's initial observations. Turnbull reflects that the discrepancy is due to the fact that Father Schebesta (pp. 18-20)
|
had always worked in Negro villages and had a village-centered view of the Pygmies
|
|
|
As Schebesta describes the BaMbuti, they were involved in multi-generational relationships with individual village families in which BaMbuti worked for these families and provided some game, while being dependent upon them for (pp. 18-19) (Select two.)
|
-most food
-metal products |
|
|
The village initiation ritual or nkumbi (p. 21-22) (Select two.)
|
-involves circumcision
-can only be conducted by ritual specialists of the Bantu villages, never by BaMbuti |
|
|
To ensure that he would return, Turnbull's friends Njobo the killer of elephants, Kolongo, Njobo's relative, and Moke, an elder, took him into the forest and (pp. 23-24)
|
slit his forehead with a rusty blade
|
|
|
At the time he first visited the BaMbuti, they were living in a part of Africa administered by (p. 6)
|
Belgium
|
|
|
The word molimo refers to (p. 23-25, 286) (Select two.)
|
-a ritual performed at times of crisis
-a kind of trumpet, usually of wood |
|
|
At his first contact with the molimo, Turnbull was overwhelmed by the molimo's (p. 23-25)...
|
beauty
|
|
|
In chapter 2, Turnbull describes the trip back to the Ituri forest in 1954, three years after his first visit. In order to get to the Ituri forest, Turnbull traveled by land and riverboat from the coast, a journey that took him from the port of Lomé in Togo across Dahomey (modern Benin) to (p. 28)
|
Nigeria
|
|
|
From there he passed to Cameroon, at time divided between the northern, British Cameroon (a potion of which is now in Nigeria) and southern, French Cameroon (now part of the Republic of Cameroon). Moving on to the Belgian Congo (now the Democatic Republic of the Congo), he crossed the Ubangi Chari (now Ubangi or Oubangui) River, which separates today's D.R. of the Congo from (atlas) (Select two.)
|
-Congo (former French Congo)
-Central African Republic (formerly French Equatorial Africa) |
|
|
Turnbull's map 1 is a little hard to link to your atlas because it is not quite to scale and because many names have changed since he wrote the book nearly half a century ago. However Bunia, Beni, and Bafwasendi can be found on plate 27 of the atlas, as can the Aruwimi River. To reach Bafwasendi from Kisangani, the nearest city (formerly Stanleyville, pop. about 500,000), one travels
|
northeast
|
|
|
One change in Mbuti life since his earlier (1951) visit was (pp. 29-30, 32) (Select two.)
|
-availability of cash jobs servicing tourists
-A plantation cut from the forest by some BaMbuti in imitation of other plantations |
|
|
Not having had money traditionally, when BaMbuti get money, they use it to buy (p. 32)
|
-food and drink
|
|
|
Turnbull speaks (p. 33) of "Tippu Tip's slave traders." Tippu Tip (Hemedi bin Muhammad el Marjebi) was a coastal slave and ivory trader who dominated these and other markets from eastern Congo to the East Coast in the late 1800s. Turnbull reflects the BaMbuti's scornful view of the Bantu population who evaded Tippu Tip's slave raids, and who were considered by the BaMbuti to have done so by "treachery and deceit" and to be generally
|
lazy
|
|
|
As Turnbull introduces his Mbuti friends to us, it becomes evident that a Mbuti has more influence if (p. 33)
|
he is a good hunter
|
|
|
In the absence of formalized political authority in their society, the BaMbuti adjudicate disputes by (p. 34)
|
ridicule
|
|
|
Throughout the chapter Turnbull makes reference to stealing. It appears that (p. 34 et passim)
|
BaMbuti think of stealing as a kind of hunting
|
|
|
Among the BaMbuti, "sister exchange" (p. 35-37) (Select two.)
|
-is a way to ensure acceptance by another group
-may involve a relative other than a real sister |
|
|
Among the BaMbuti, old and infirm people inspire (p. 35)
|
apprehension
|
|
|
Turnbull notes that Mambunia, although an adult, was still a bachelor because he was essentially unmarriageable due to (p. 41)
|
having one crippled leg
|
|
|
village deaths only?
Bantu custom only? all deaths? washing and scenting the body |
village deaths only
|
|
|
village deaths only?
Bantu custom only? all deaths? digging a deep grave |
village deaths only
|
|
|
village deaths only?
Bantu custom only? all deaths? loud wailing |
village deaths only
|
|
|
village deaths only?
Bantu custom only? all deaths? rules about who may support the chief mourner |
all deaths
|
|
|
village deaths only?
Bantu custom only? all deaths? leading the spirit away from the grave by pouring a trail of water |
all deaths
|
|
|
village deaths only?
Bantu custom only? all deaths? conducting divination to discover the witch or evil spirit who had caused the death |
Bantu custom only
|
|
|
village deaths only?
Bantu custom only? all deaths? purifying themselves after the rites by washing in a river |
Bantu custom only
|
|
|
The word molimo refers both to a kind of ritual and to a physical object (p. 286). When Cephu insisted upon calling out the molimo after the death of his daughter people were critical because (p. 46) (Select two.)
|
-she was a child
-they were too near a Bantu village |
|
|
When disparaging the Bantu, the BaMbuti use exactly the same terms of cross-ethnic abuse that the Bantu use to disparage the BaMbuti, namely (p. 47) (Select two.)
|
-savages
-animals |
|
|
Balekimito's death came when she was both extremely old and very well liked. This combination of factors meant that (pp. 49-51)
|
-mourning was universal and extravagant
|
|
|
When they carry heavy loads, BaMbuti use (p. 53)
|
baskets held with trump lines
|
|
|
Turnbull speculates that the men carry burdens differently from the women because (p. 53)
|
they want to be different from the women
|
|
|
An important consideration in carrying burdens this way is to prevent the burdens from (p. 53)...
|
catching in overhead branches
|
|
|
When they travel, the BaMbuti carry live coals with them because (p. 58)
|
they do not know how to strike a new fire
|
|
|
The BaMbuti do most of their hunting with (p. 37, 54) (Select two.)
|
-bows and arrows
-nets |
|
|
The area around the Mbuti "plantation" was difficult to travel through because
|
underbrush was heavy where the forest had once been cleared
|
|
|
When BaMbuti laugh, they often (p. 56)
|
end up falling down
|
|
|
When they passed Apa Kadiketu, the camp where Turnbull had first lived with BaMbuti, it looked like an archaeological site (p. 57)
|
with only a slight tangle of undergrowth where there had once been a small clearing
|
|
|
Mbuti women traveling through the forest are always noisy because (p. 58)
|
it helps keep wild animals away
|
|
|
Mbuti men traveling through the forest are virtually silent (p. 58)...
|
only when hunting
|
|
|
About how many huts/families did the camp include when it was complete? (p. 64, 69)
|
25
|
|
|
Turnbull's hut rapidly filled with bachelors, whom Kenge had invited in on the grounds that they
|
they were too old to sleep with their parents but without wives had no huts of their own
|
|
|
In their own camp, the BaMbuti like to sit on (p. 68)
|
chairs
|
|
|
The collection of food for the molimo (described as a hungry animal) involved (p. 70)
|
a mock struggle at each hut
|
|
|
On their expedition to fetch the molimo, the BaMbuti (p. 73)
|
walked very fast
|
|
|
The two molimos retrieved in this expedition were (p. 75)
|
pieces of old drain pipe
|
|
|
The molimos were described as "drinking"; nevertheless the BaMbuti described the custom as originating in the need to (p. 77)...
|
make the wood swell
|
|
|
The BaMbuti's least favorite Bantu group is the BaNgwana, who historically were involved with promoting the projects of Arab slave traders along the east coast. When somebody is said to "walk like the BaNgwana," it means
|
clumsily
|
|
|
When the molimo singing is in progress (p. 82)
|
men are not permitted to sleep
|
|
|
Although there is no evidence to support it, some of the men claimed that in an earlier era a man caught sleeping during the molimo songs would be killed and (p. 82) (Select two.)
|
-buried under the molimo fire
-never spoken of again |
|
|
Women are not supposed to see the molimo and are supposed to believe that the sound is that of (p. 89)
|
a forest animal
|
|
|
When it is not in use for a long time, a molimo is kept in a "sleeping place" (p. 90)
|
high in a tree
|
|
|
According to the elder Moke, a molimo is needed when things go wrong so the forest can be (p. 92)
|
awakened
|
|
|
Most molimo songs (p. 93)
|
praise the forest
|
|
|
Order of the molimo ceremony:
|
-The first person wakes up.
-Young men rampage through the camp shouting and destroying -The huts of difficult people are damaged -Women prepare food using yesterday's meat -Men go hunting. -Food is collected to feed the molimo -Women and children begin to retire to the huts -Men sit around the molimo fire and sing -The voice of the molimo is heard from the forest -The old men decide it is time to go to sleep -The last person goes to sleep |
|
|
Hunting with nets involved (p. 96) (Select two.)
|
-each person setting his net up next to another's to form one long continuous net
-women and children frightening the target game |
|
|
A kind of hunting magic made from the charred heart and eye of an antelope, mixed into a paste and smeared on the hunter just before the hunt, was considered (p. 96)
|
antisocial
|
|
|
Cephu was criticized for a number of behaviors before, during, and after the hunt described in Chapter 5. Which of the following were his offenses? (Select four.)
|
-He spoke the name of a dead woman.
-He set up his net in front of the nets of others. -He claimed to be a chief (a Bantu status). -He did not participate in molimo songs. |
|
|
In sanctioning Cephu, the group (pp. 107-109) (Select three.)
|
-mocked him
-confiscated all the food from his sub-camp -stopped speaking to him |
|
|
Kelemoke, having committed incest, was pursued out of Cephu's sub-camp by knife-wielding women and others and driven into the forest; the girl's father burned down his uncle's hut where Kelemoke had been staying. Within a few days (p. 114)
|
Kelemoke returned and everybody behaved as though nothing had happened
|
|
|
Aberi and Masalito, the same two brothers who fell out over Kelemoke's incest, became embroiled in conflict when Aberi's wife gave Masalito a deteriorated pipe stem instead of one of her new ones. In response to this insult, Masalito (pp. 116-117)
|
strode back to the main camp crying out and making a public scene
|
|
|
When Aberi came to confront Masalito about the insult to Aberi's wife, he threatened to kill his much stronger brother Masalito, but in the course of the threats, Aberi fell down, which brought general laughter and ridicule. As a result
|
Masalito taunted his brother more and more until molimo rampaging targeted him for shameful ridicule and restored harmony
|
|
|
When Kenge crawled over Manyalibo to get at his daughter, waking the older man up, Manyalibo awaked the whole camp to complain. Most public opinion (p. 119-120)
|
sided with Kenge because Manyalibo was making too much noise and would spoil the hunt
|
|
|
Among the BaMbuti, theft (p. 120)
|
is legitimate if directed against Bantu
|
|
|
In the general melée that broke out when Amabosu criticized Ekianga for sleeping with his lactating wife Kamaikan, Amabosu's sister, Amabosu's wife got involved, and the two women themselves got into a vigorous battle, most people...
|
were more interested in the fight than in the issue
|
|
|
Peace was partially restored when Old Sau, the mother of Amabosu, separated Ekianga and Amabosu, and Ekianga's senior wife intervened between the battling women on the grounds that (p. 123-124)
|
she couldn't rest because of the noise
|
|
|
Turnbull observes that Mbuti "legal" proceedings have very little law about them. Instead they involve (p. 124) (Select three.)
|
-suppressing disputes by telling everyone to stop making noise
-involving lots of people -intervention by older people |
|
|
When Mbuti children play at being hunters, the role of antelope is likely to be played by (p. 129)
|
a grandparent
|
|
|
short or long fuse?
The preferred material for Mbuti clothing is (p. 130) |
"bark cloth" made of any of several kinds of bark
|
|
|
The same vine used for making hunting nets, nkusa, is used to make (p. 131)
|
belts
|
|
|
A Mbuti hut is considered (p. 132)
|
the property of a woman, which she may change at will
|
|
|
In the evening, many BaMbuti (p. 134)
|
dance
|
|
|
Turnbull provides some examples of fantasy stories told by BaMbuti and we learn that
|
they are often acted out
|
|
|
Turnbull describes how BaMbuti get rid of unwelcome Bantu visitors stopping at their camp, which, in his example, was done by means of (pp. 138-139)
|
a gambling game at which the visitors kept losing
|
|
|
Turnbull contrasts the attitudes of BaMbuti and Bantu towards magical or religious ritual. The contrast in attitude is that, in contrast to the Bantu, the BaMbuti (p. 145)
|
figure that it's the thought that counts and don't worry about performance details
|
|
|
This chapter describes a variation of the molimo "routine" that involves a great many elements that Turnbull finds surprising. Confusingly, he implies that this may be the "elima" ritual celebrated when a girl reaches puberty, and indeed part of the variant molimo rite becomes entwined with the elima, but he actually describes elima later on (pages 156 ff.). Which of the following statements is true of the variant molimo rite as he describes it (including any entangled bits of the elima rite)? (pp. 146-149) (Select three.)
|
-A large number of girls were confined to a single hut.
-The molimo appeared quite late, carried by many young men -The carriers of the molimo carried branches and damaged huts |
|
|
The description of the second day of the variant molimo ritual (pp. 149-156) brings Turnbull some more surprises. (Select three.)
|
-The women turned out to know the men's molimo songs.
-An outside ritual specialist (a woman) was a central figure. -The rite included "attacks" that scattered the molimo fire, which had to be reassembled |
|
|
It appears that during this rite two of the participants may have gone into trance, as characterized by their staring eyes and insensitivity to pain. This might have been promoted by rhythmic drumming, as in many societies which use trance. In this case the drumming was accomplished with a (p. 150)
|
banja
|
|
|
At the very end of the rite, the women disappeared, leaving the men seated around the kumamolimo. Eventually they began singing again when suddenly one old woman (pp. 154-155) (Select two.)
|
-tied them up with a fine, symbolizing their defeat
-was promised a quantity of food and cigarettes |
|
|
Among the BaMbuti, the division of labor between men and women is rarely absolute except that men (p. 154)
|
dominate the complex of molimo ritual
|
|
|
As they discussed how to conduct the (remainder of the) elima first-menstruation rite for girls, several considerations were involved in the decision, including (p. 156) (Select two.)
|
-fees from tourists watching the dances
-food from their Bantu "masters" |
|
|
As they returned to the Bantu village, the BaMbuti were welcomed especially because they
|
brought dried meat
|
|
|
On the first night back in the village, the men sat around the fire in a men's gathering place (named "baraza," a Bantu term) marked by four sticks. Long after the Bantu men had gone to bed, the molimo appeared and (pp. 162-163)
|
destroyed the Mbuti baraza
|
|
|
On the day after their return to the village, a huge feast was held, which the "masters" believed (p. 162)
|
completed the mourning rites for Balekimito
|
|
|
Most of the Bantu groups living in villages known to the BaMbuti are descended from (p. 171)
|
cattle herders of the African eastern plains
|
|
|
The Bantu farmers of this region practiced "slash and burn" farming and (p. 172)
|
usually abandoned a field after three years because it had lost fertility
|
|
|
Although filled with distrust and viewed rather casually by the BaMbuti, there appear to have been more or less enduring exchange relationships between particular Bantu families and particular Mbuti ones, which is not unusual on the frontier between farmers and foragers. In general the Bantu (Select two.)
|
-had a vegetarian diet
-needed periodic extra labor |
|
|
Among the resettled workers employed by the Station de Chase (a tourist hunting lodge), Turnbull notes that the village was filled "with jealousies, deep-seated grievances, and smoldering hatred" (p. 169). Drawing a general principle from this, it is a situation he interprets as caused by
|
the lack of respected authorities to settle disputes
|
|
|
Turnbull begins chapter 10 by noting (1) that the word "elima" is used by both Bantu and BaMbuti to refer to a coming-of-age ritual performed at a girl's first menses, and (2) that nobody knows which group borrowed the word from the other. However he takes this opportunity to remind readers of a critical fact about cultural borrowing: Borrowers either make the new trait "fit" with the general pattern of their culture (by distorting it) or they don't borrow it. Unlike the BaMbuti, the BaBira (pp. 185-186) (Select two.)
|
-pressure a girl to name the boy who has "done this to her" so that he can be married to her
-seclude her in a place visited only by her mother and perhaps a few other senior female relatives |
|
|
BaMbuti, in contrast (pp. 186-187) (Select two.)
|
-populate a girl's "menstrual house" with her girl friends, both pre-menstrual and post-menstrual
-have special "elima songs" in which both males and females participate |
|
|
For the BaMbuti, the "elima" girl's initiation ceremony is essentially also a mating ritual, with girls taking the initiative to identify boys they might like to marry. This is done by (p. 189)
|
whipping them with fito-vine whips
|
|
|
Akidinimba led a raid on the house of Pumba, dozing in a chair on his baraza. He retired into the house but was eventually (p. 192)
|
forced to agree to visit the elima
|
|
|
IN THE FOREST PEOPLE...
When successfully "identified" by the girls, most boys responded by (p. 192) |
hurling sticks, stones, and other rubbish
|
|
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The two girls (Akidinimba and Kidaya) for whom the elima was held
|
were carefully painted with elaborate designs
|
|
|
An important symbolic marker of adulthood for the two girls undergoing the "elima" ritual was (p. 196) the right
|
to sing the songs of adult women
|
|
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Once "invited" to the "elima" house, a boy (p. 197)
|
still must fight his way in
|
|
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Because the Bantu consider the BaMbuti their slaves, they feel a certain responsibility for them, and are upset when the BaMbuti somehow fail to understand proper customs or take undue liberties. In the elima that Turnbull witnessed, it outraged Bantu public opinion when the Mbuti girls (p. 199)
|
wore leaf skirts used in Bantu boys' initiation rites
|
|
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For the BaMbuti, a marriage occurs when a girl's suitor (p. 202)
|
presents her father with a substantial animal that he has killed
|
|
|
Many or most Mbuti marriages are "sister exchanges" in which (p. 204) (Select two.)
|
-if one couple breaks up the other must do so as well
-a "sister" may be almost any unmarried female relative |
|
|
Turnbull accounts for the difference between Bantu marriages and Mbuti "sister exchange" as due to (p. 206)
|
the greater need for Mbuti bands to maintain their stock of childbearing women
|
|
|
Much of the saga of Kenge's marriage in chapter 11 involves Yambabo, his (classificatory) sister refusing to marry Taphu, whose sister Maliamo was attractive to Kenge. In the end Yambabo agreed not only because she actually liked Taphu, but also because (pp. 207-208)
|
both Kenge and his mother beat her for her refusal to marry him
|
|
|
Village "masters" of the BaMbuti believed they should have a role both in the wedding rites and in the matchmaking process. But most particularly, they sought (p. 212-213)
|
to enlarge range of social obligations owed to them by BaMbuti
|
|
|
Turnbull's 12th chapter deals with boys' initiations, the "nkumbi." Unlike the girls' "elima" rites, the nkumbi is pretty clearly a rite and involves the circumcision of young boys, which cuts off the foreskin covering the very end (glans) of the penis. (This is a controversial but usual procedure for newborns in American hospitals and is a religious rite for modern Jews.) Because the example he was able to see involved only Mbuti lads, the Bantu initiators were not able to stay all night, and Turnbull therefore saw BaMbuti both with and without Bantu surveillance. The BaMbuti regarded the entire initiation as...
|
silly but part of their relationship with their Bantu "masters"
|
|
|
In Bantu belief (pp. 218-220) (Select four.)
|
-no man can join the ancestors who has not been initiated
-initiation cannot be performed by a Mbuti -the pairing of a Mbuti boy with a Bantu boy in the initiation makes them life-long partners -an initiated Mbuti can continue to serve his Bantu "master" throughout eternity |
|
|
In common with similar initiation rites around the world, the Bantu boys' nkumbi was intended (p. 225)
|
to "toughen" boys into men
|
|
|
The BaMbuti ignored nkumbi taboos as soon as the Bantu left both because they didn't believe in them and also because (p. 224)
|
they wanted to symbolize their non-subordination to the Bantu
|
|
|
Turnbull was puzzled about why the BaMbuti put up with the village initiaton rites. He concludes that the key issue is (p.226)
|
that they did not want to appear less than "adult" in Bantu eyes
|
|
|
Witchcraft and sorcery (p. 228) (Select two.)
|
-are practiced by the Bantu, but not by the BaMbuti
-lead to occasional worry among many BaMbuti |
|
|
In chapter 13 Turnbull and Kenge set out to visit other Mbuti hunting groups, successfully spending time with perhaps ten or a dozen groups in total. They learn that (pp. 234-235) (Select two.)
|
-"owning Pygmies" is quite general among Bantu farmers of the area
-BaMbuti were generally without legal rights |
|
|
Like the leaders of the BaBira, the leaders of the BoMbo and BaBali tribes felt the BaMbuti (p. 235)
|
were dishonest
|
|
|
The Mabudo tribe had excellent relations with "its" local BaMbuti, resulting in (p. 236)
|
trade in the form of conventionalized "gifts"
|
|
|
BaMbuti (as a people) (pp. 238-239) (Select two.)
|
-rarely travel outside their own area or away from groups where they have relatives
-are prepared to evacuate a village at a moment's notice at the approach of danger, including strangers |
|
|
In the course of their travels, Turnbull sometimes heard tales of "old wars" between (p. 245)
|
Bantu tribes
|
|
|
Turnbull reports that the "liberated Pygmies" proved more susceptible than the Bantu to (p. 260) (Select three.)
|
-heat stroke
-mosquito borne diseases -water borne diseases |
|
|
In the two-month "honey season" (p. 264, 276) (Select four.)
|
-the hunting groups break up into smaller units to hunt for honey
-people claim trees with honey in them and mark them as their own -BaMbuti tell the Bantu terrifying tales about the forest in hopes of keeping them away from the honey -people feel free to squabble because they are not hunting together |
|
|
In his chapter on the honey season, Turnbull provides more detail than elsewhere about a common complaint in band societies, namely that people are not properly (pp. 273-274)
|
sharing food
|
|
|
"Honey dancing," performed during the honey season, involves (pp. 276-277) (Select two.)
|
-different roles for men and women
-an unusual amount of smoke |
|
|
Molimo
|
type of trumpet
|
|
|
Who are the Babira?
|
a Bantu tribe with which the BaMbiti of Epulu have frequent contact
|
|
|
Bangwana
|
a Bantu tribe in ill repute for assisting slave traders
|
|
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What is Bopi?
|
playground
|
|
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What is Fito?
|
sapling used for house building
|
|
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What is Kingwana?
|
a lingua franca
|
|
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What is Kumamolimo?
|
meeting place for men
|
|
|
What is Liko?
|
a bitter beverage made of berries, herbs, and cola nuts, drunk like morning coffee
|
|
|
What is Mongongo?
|
plant with large leaves used for roofing
|
|
|
What is Nkumbi?
|
village initiation ritual
|
|
|
What is Nkusa?
|
a kind of vine used for making nets
|
|
|
What is Sondu?
|
a kind of red antelope
|
|
|
TF
"Lumpers" see more hominid species in the fossil record than "splitters" do. |
F
|
|
|
TF
According to Jordan, climate changes create genetic changes. |
F
|
|
|
TF
Darwin believed that species could eventually become extinct. |
T
|
|
|
TF
Among the BaMbuti, both men and women dance. |
T
|
|
|
TF
Cro-Magnons quickly eliminated Neanderthals because, with their shorter legs, the Neanderthals could not run as fast as the Cro-Magnons. |
F
|
|
|
TF
The expansion of populations speaking Bantu languages is importantly related (in our readings) to their mastery of agriculture. |
T
|
|
|
TF
The expansion of populations speaking Bantu languages is also related (in our readings) to their mastery of a cognitively demanding system of linguistic forms, which was conducive to the development of unusual intelligence. |
F
|
|
|
TF
Paranthropus can be seen as an earlier, less evolved predecessor to Australopithecus africanus. |
F
|
|
|
TF
Use of the term "Homo sapiens neanderthalensis" indicates a belief that Neanderthals and modern humans are the same species. |
T
|
|
|
TF
"Lucy" was the largest Australopithecus ever found. |
F
|
|
|
The expression "Homo ergaster" refers to the human ability to digest both meat and vegetables, since "ergaster" means "eats everything."
|
F
|
|
|
TF
The category "hominoid" includes more forms than the category "hominid." |
T
|
|
|
TF
Among the Eskimo of Quebec, hunting for seals using the "breathing hole method" was practiced by individual, solitary hunters, without the assistance of others. |
F
|
|
|
TF
Homo habilis seems to have created and used Oldowan tools |
T
|
|
|
TF
The famous "Lucy" fossil is now classed as the same species as the recently discovered "Hobbit" specimens. |
F
|
|
|
Eskimo dogs are so well trained, that they are often left to watch over small children for as much as three or four hours at a time.
|
F
|
|
|
TF
An igloo is domed so that as the temperature rises inside the gradually melting snow can run down the sides rather than dripping. This allows Eskimos to enjoy quite warm temperatures at least for a few hours. |
F
|
|
|
TF
The traditional Eskimo kayak was covered with seal skin rather than canvas. |
T
|
|
|
TF
Robust as they were, Neanderthals were nevertheless smaller in total body volume than most Homo ergaster specimens we know about because ergasters were so tall. |
F
|
|
|
TF
Among the BaMbuti, machetes procured from traders are used to cut broad trails through the forest used to lead prey animals directly into their snares. |
F
|
|
|
TF
For most foragers outside of very cold climates, more calories come from vegetable than from animal sources. |
T
|
|
|
TF
In calculating life expectancies, children under ten are left out of consideration because they are separately counted in infant mortality statistics. |
F
|
|
|
TF
Lactational amenorrhea results in a higher frequency of twins in foraging societies than among ourselves. |
F
|
|
|
TF
All hominids are hominoids |
T
|
|
|
TF
Operationalization increases the precision of a definition. |
T
|
|
|
TF
The original Peking Man fossil is now on display in the site museum at Zhoukoudian, beside the cave where it was found. |
F
|
|
|
Who is Old Moke the Wise?
|
a wise traditional widower, claiming to be a relative of Tungana
|
|
|
Tungana
|
oldest member of the camp, with many children and grandchildren, progressive
|
|
|
Who is Makubasi?
|
Tungana's son, father (Fa) of a small baby
|
|
|
Njobo the Elephant Killer
|
an influential hunter with three wives but only one child; owner of a bamboo molimo
|
|
|
Who is Masamba?
|
Njobo's wife (Wi), a generous person
|
|
|
Who is Nyange?
|
Njobo's only son (So) (by his second wife), crippled with tuberculosis of the leg bone
|
|
|
Teningbenge
|
Njobo's sister (Si), a widow (?)
|
|
|
Who is Maipe?
|
Teningbenge's son (So), Kenge's half-brother
|
|
|
Kenge
|
Turnbull's self-appointed research assistant; son (So) of Teningbenge's dead husband (Hu) by a different woman; named after a kind of antelope; married to Maliamo in chapter 11
|
|
|
Yambabo
|
Kenge's classificatory sister (MoHuDa?), fond of Taphu, but resistant to marrying him because it would please Kenge; forcibly married to Taphy
|
|
|
Who is Badorinji?
|
mother of Kenge and Yambabo, eager to marry Yambabo off to Taphu (or anybody)
|
|
|
Who is Adenota?
|
Kenge's deceased father (Fa), owner of a molimo
|
|
|
Who is Masimongo?
|
Kenge's brother-in-law (MoHuDaHu?), owner of the molimo formerly owned by Adenota; with relatives in Cephu's camp
|
|
|
Who is Masisi the Proud Father?
|
a relative of Njobo with large and good-looking family and loud voice
|
|
|
Who is Ageronga?
|
Masisi's oldest son (So), a fine hunter
|
|
|
Who is Akobo?
|
Masisi's youngest song, initiated in chapter 12
|
|
|
Who is Mambunia?
|
Masisi's younger brother (Ybr), unmarried because of his crippled leg; "father of the elima" in chapter 10
|
|
|
Who is Manyalibo the Great Traditionalist?
|
Masisi's father's elder brother's son (FaEBrSo), once a great hunter, but no longer a very active one; father of two daughters but no sons; owner of the longest molimo
|
|
|
Who is Kondabate the Belle?
|
Manyalibo's beautiful daughter (Da)
|
|
|
Who is Ausu?
|
Kondabate's handsome husband (Hu), skilled at using the molimo
|
|
|
Who is Madyadya?
|
a spoiled distant nephew of Manyalibo adopted him to be a son
|
|
|
Who is Akidnimba the Voluptuous?
|
Manyalibo's sister's flirtatious daughter (SiDa), proud of having the largest breasts in the region; married in chapter 10 to Atete in order to spite Kidaya, although keen on Pumba
|
|
|
Who is Mulanga?
|
a rather rustic male relative of Akidinimba who abruptly decides in chapter 11 to marry Atete's sister, and thus proposes to use Akidinimba as his "sister" in a sister exchange with Atete.
|
|
|
Who is Ekianga the Polygamist?
|
Kolongo's brother (Br), who heads the family after Kolongo's death; from a different clan, but related by marriage to Njobo, Masisi, and Manyalibo; has three wives (Wi) for prestige reasons; inclined to dissenting views
|
|
|
Kolongo
|
Ekianga's brother (Br); killed by a crocodile by chapter 2; one of the men who scarifies Turnbull in chapter 1
|
|
|
Who are Arobani and Loku?
|
Ekianga's two senior wives (Wi)
|
|
|
Who is Kamaikan?
|
Ekianga's youngest wife (Wi); pregnant in chapter 2, nursing a child by chapter 6.
|
|
|
Who is Amabosu the singer?
|
Kamaikan's brother (Br), married to one of Ekianga's relatives in a "sister exchange"; the best singer, dancer, and drummer, but a temperamental artist
|
|
|
Who is Old Sau?
|
Elderly and rather strange mother (Mo) of Amabosu and Kamaikan, little liked and rumored to be a witch
|
|
|
Who is Kidaya?
|
Ekianga's modest niece, keen on Atete; loses Atete to Akidimba in chapter 10.
|
|
|
Masoudi
|
Ekianga's nephew, initiated in chapter 12
|
|
|
Who is Old Balekimito?
|
mother (Mo) of Ekianga and Kolongo, a traditionalist widow; resists marrying Moke; returned to her old village after Kolongo's death; dies of old age in chapter 2
|
|
|
Who is Asofalinda?
|
daughter (Da) of Balekimito, sister (Si) of Kolongo and Eikanga; a widow; "mother of the elima" in chapter 10
|
|
|
Lizabeti
|
Asofalinda's crippled daughter (Da), a child
|
|
|
Who is Cephu the Difficult?
|
an elderly man; dislikes contact with Bantu villages, but a perennial "outsider" to the Mbuti camp, inclined to shift to other camps sometimes; apparently a distnat affine of Njobo and Ekianga and a distant agnate of Masisi
|
|
|
Who is Aberi?
|
Cephu's number-two nephew, the second of three brothers; aggressive and ugly; usually lives in Cephu's sub-camp
|
|
|
Who is Tamasa?
|
Aberi's disfigured wife
|
|
|
Sansiwake
|
Aberi and Tamasa's "beautiful and sensitive" son (So), initiated in chapter 12
|
|
|
Masalito
|
Cephu's kindly number-three nephew, Aberi's younger and stronger brother; usually lived in the main camp
|
|
|
Who is Kaoya?
|
a child linked to Masalito some way, one of Kenge's admirers
|
|
|
Who is Kelemoke?
|
Masalito's handsome orphaned nephew; father (Fa) of two children; engaged in incest with Aberi's daughter (Da); lives with Masalito
|
|
|
Cephu's unnamed sick daugher (Da) nad Njobo's wife's niece
|
dies in chapter 2
|
|
|
Atete
|
a handsome youth attached the village of Katala, a special heartthrob of Kidaya; his sister was especially interesting to Mulanga, who proposed to provide Akidinimba the Voluptuous to Atete in exchange for his sister, a proposition with little interest for Atete, but ultimately carried out.
|
|
|
Who is Hari?
|
Kenge's cousin from a distant village
|
|
|
Who is Pepi?
|
a lazy bachelor, inclined to theft
|
|
|
Who is Pumba?
|
a lad from another village especially desired by the voluptuous Akidinimba, but no interested in her but rather Kidaya
|
|
|
Who is Maliamo?
|
an unwed girl; Kenge's love interest and eventual wife; classificatory sister of Taphu
|
|
|
Who is Taphu?
|
Maiamo's brother, and a love interest for Kenge's classificatory sister Yambabo; eventually married to Yambabo in chapter 11
|
|
|
Who is Amina (Bira tribe)?
|
daughter (Da) of a Bantu chief, who visits Mbuti camps to trade from time to time
|
|
|
Andre the hated (mixed Bira and Ngwana background)
|
a powerful village chief with a distatste for all bambuti; the "master" of Ausu; once the chief cook at Camp Putnam; sought to take money Ausu received for a live okapi; universally disliked by the bambuti
|
|
|
Baziani the blacksmith (Bira tribe)
|
the "master" of Masisi's family, probably after Masisi's daughter (Da), kind to "his Pygmies"
|
|
|
Father Longo
|
a Catholic missionary much liked by local people
|
|
|
Who is Kapamba (Bira tribe)?
|
Belgium-appointed official headman of Eboyo, required to ensure the ability of the region to pay taxes; the master of Manyalibo, who cooperated only minimally
|
|
|
Who is Kaweki the fisherman (Bira tribe)?
|
an unrepentant bachelor who disliked both women and the company of the other Bantu but enjoyed the company of the bambuti; lived "alone" in his fishing camp
|
|
|
Who is Munyunga (Bira tribe)?
|
the "master" of Taphu and Maliamo
|
|
|
Who is Musafili (Ngwana tribe)?
|
hospitable headman of the village of Dar es Salaam
|
|
|
Ngoma the rich (Bira triba)
|
a well-liked plantation owner with an especially large network of Mbuti connections
|
|
|
Patrick Putnam
|
Originally a Harvard anthropology student who founded a clinic on the Epulu and spent the rest of his life there. "Camp Putnam" became Epulu, a center of development
|
|
|
Who are Rev. & Mrs. Charles Bell?
|
Protestant missionaries well liked by local people
|
|
|
Who is Sabani (Bira tribe)?
|
Effective and colorful but unofficial headman of the village of Eboyo; revered as a "witch doctor" for the region's nkumbi initiation rituals; proprietor of illegal hemp plantations and distillery.
|
|
|
Who is Yusefu (Bira tribe)?
|
A Christian Bantu lad whose father refused to let him be initiated
|
