Mmw 1 Midterm 2

Front 1

The name "cuneiform" derives from the fact that the strokes making up cuneiform writing (p. 2)

Back 1

are wedge-shaped (from Latin cuneus, "wedge")

Front 2

The symbol ₤ is a(n) (p. 2)

Back 2

ideograph

Front 3

The countless "tokens" found in Sumerian archaeological sites have been compellingly interpreted as (pp. 1-2)

Back 3

wee statues of commodities

Front 4

A writing system made of symbols for spoken syllables is called a(n) (p. 3)

Back 4

syllabary

Front 5

The writing system of the Sumerians spread to speakers of non-Sumerian languages who became politically dominant in the region about 2300 BC or so. They were speakers of languages belonging to what group? (p. 3)

Back 5

Semitic

Front 6

According to the Sourcebook article, a "true writing system" is one in which you can write (p. 3) (Select three.)

Back 6

grocery lists , love poems , MMW exams

Front 7

It appears that the first alphabet to be derived from the Sumerian hand-me-down cuneiform systems was developed about 1000 BC by (p. 5)

Back 7

Phoenicians

Front 8

A "genizah" was a medieval location for (p. 5n)

Back 8

waste paper

Front 9

A couple of letters of the "Roman" alphabet that we use in English were in fact unknown to the Romans. These include (p. 5n)

Back 9

J and W

Front 10

The earliest alphabet we know about seems not to have been the parent of any later writing system, suggesting that the idea of an alphabet was independently discovered more than once. It was discovered in the 1990s by excavators working in (p. 6n)

Back 10

Egypt

Front 11

Stimulus diffusion in writing systems results in (pp. 6-7)

Back 11

the "invention" of writing in imitation of the general idea but without understanding of how it worked in the parent system

Front 12

Indus Valley script remains undeciphered because (p. 7n)

Back 12

inscriptions are too short

Front 13

On the accompanying map, the Indus Valley is in segment (p. 7)

Back 13

6 (india region)

Front 14

In Egyptian hieroglyphic texts, the symbols with faces (p. 8n)

Back 14

faced the beginning of the text

Front 15

In Egyptian, a "determinative" sign itself was normally (pp. 8-9)

Back 15

silent

Front 16

The term "demotic" refers to (p. 10n)

Back 16

a late Egyptian simplified script

Front 17

Comparing the Egyptian and the Chinese writing systems, we discover that there is a rough analogy between an Egyptian determinative and a Chinese (pp.8-12)

Back 17

radical

Front 18

Compared to classical Egyptian written style, classical Chinese written style placed a higher value on (p. 12n)

Back 18

greater conciseness than in spoken language

Front 19

According to Nyoro ritual, the king is to be physically healthy and to avoid all contact with impurities, sickness, and death.

Back 19

True

Front 20

Any imperfection of the Nyoro King is taken by the Nyoro to reflect or represent a weakness in the entire country.

Back 20

True

Front 21

The Nyoro Mukama was not considered to be a priest.

Back 21

True

Front 22

Traditionally, the heir to the Nyoro throne was a prince who succeeded in killing his rival brothers for the throne.

Back 22

True

Front 23

Traditionally, the heir to the throne was a prince who succeeded in killing whichever of his brothers was his rival to the throne.

Back 23

True

Front 24

When the Mukama delegates political authority to one of his chiefs, he not only authorizes the chief to carry out some action or assume control over a particular domain, but he also confers upon the chief some of his own spiritual power.

Back 24

True

Front 25

The Okwiri, the Mukama's "official brother," is said to rule the Bito as the Mukama rules the country. Beattie argues that, structurally, this reinforces the Mukama's identification with the entire country.

Back 25

True

Front 26

"Crown wearers" in Bunyoro society were persons honored by the king, and wore "crowns" as a mark of dignity and ritual status, but the crowns once awarded became hereditary in the male line.

Back 26

True

Front 27

Most Nyoro chiefs were members of the Huma, cattle-owning class, or people of commoner origin, though usually members of families with a tradition of chief-ship.

Back 27

True

Front 28

Traditionally the court of the Mukama of Bunyoro traveled around the Nyoro territory from time to time.

Back 28

True

Front 29

Copper was first worked

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about 6000-5000 BC

Front 30

It was first used to make

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beads

Front 31

The "Copper Age" or "Chalcolithic" identified by archaeologists working in the Near East fits between the

Back 31

the Neolithic and the Bronze Age

Front 32

It is a feature of copper that

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it is often stronger in alloys than in pure form , it melts at a little over 1000°C

Front 33

Bronze is an alloy of copper with

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tin

Front 34

The ratio of ingredients in the bronze alloy is usually about

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nine to one

Front 35

Among the additional metals sometimes added to bronze is lead, which was used to

Back 35

facilitate casting

Front 36

The major difference between bronze and brass is that brass is a compound, more difficult to create, of copper and

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zinc

Front 37

The combination of tin and lead produces a soft,corrosion-resistant, easily worked gray metal that was popular in antiquity for water vessels, eating utensils, water pipes, and ornaments —essentially anything that didn't require a sharp edge. The metal is called

Back 37

pewter

Front 38

The melting point of pure iron, higher than that of copper and beyond the reach of ancient furnaces, is a little over

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1500°C

Front 39

Because iron could not be melted completely, it could not be cast. However it could be processed effectively by

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forging

Front 40

The introduction of a small amount of carbon lowered the softening point of iron. Similarly, greater heat could be achieved by using charcoal, which is

Back 40

wood which has been heated in an environment that did not provide enough oxygen for it to burn

Front 41

Gold was

Back 41

frequently layered onto other surfaces

Front 42

Cold hammering allows softer metals to be worked without being heated to their melting point. However the hammering

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damages the crystalline structure of the metal, making it brittle

Front 43

So-called "hot hammering" was usual with iron, but not with bronze because bronze

Back 43

becomes fragile at high temperatures

Front 44

The "lost wax" or "cire perdue" technique is so called because

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the metal eventually occupies a space in the mold once occupied by wax

Front 45

The Hopi live in [p. 1]

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Arizona

Front 46

The Hopi are a subdivision of peoples known as [p. 2]

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Pueblo

Front 47

Inhabitants of Hopi villages usually number about [p. 2]

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500

Front 48

Today most Hopi villages are located [p. 2]

Back 48

on mesa tops

Front 49

Hopi are born into [p. 3]

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matrilineages

Front 50

Hopi are "uxorilocal," which means [p. 4]

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a new husband moves into the household of the bride's mother

Front 51

Among the Hopi, a man is in the same lineage with his [p. 4]

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mother, sister, sister's son

Front 52

Among the Hopi, a woman is in the same lineage with her [p. 4]

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mother, sister, sister's son, son

Front 53

An "apical" ancestor is one [p. 3]

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from whom lineage descent is calculated

Front 54

"Phratries" are made up of groupings [p. 6]

Back 54

clans

Front 55

The following activities were traditionally gender-specific among the Hopi. Which of the following were largely or exclusively women's activities? [pp. 7f]

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pottery making , food preparation
, fetching water ,
patching adobe house walls

Front 56

The most important work of a traditional Hopi village "chief" was [p. 9]

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supervising rituals

Front 57

According to Hopi myth, settlement in the area [p. 9]

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involved earlier and later settlers, with the later ones obtaining permission to settle in negotiation with the earlier ones

Front 58

Any major Hopi rite is associated with [p. 10]

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a sponsoring clan, which "owns" it ,
a society that performs it ,
a kiva or ritual space where it is wholly or partially performed

Front 59

Traditionally Hopi rites could require cooperation among [pp. 10f]

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multiple clans
multiple ceremonial societies

Front 60

The term kachina can refer to some kinds of [p. 10]

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masked human figures ,
supernatural beings ,
small carvings

Front 61

Cross-cutting ties [p. 12]

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reduced conflict between villages

Front 62

According to traditional Hopi belief, famine could be caused by [p. 13]

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iniquity

Front 63

According to the text, the most important thing children need to learn from the Kachinvaki initiation is that [pp. 13-15]

Back 63

the price of human companionship is conformity to community expectations

Front 64

Experts have conflicting models of the psychic cost of the "Hopi Way," including [pp. 15f.]

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-Hopi exhibit consistent and harmonious world views at little psychic cost.

-Hopi sustain cooperation at considerable psychic cost because of suppressing individual desires.

-Hopi exhibit both harmony and competitive ambition depending upon the amount and nature of social or ecological stress a community is subjected to at any given moment.

Front 65

Banpo

Back 65

Boringly typical Neolithic settlement

Pottery forms foreshadowing future metal art of the same region

Surrounded by trench to keep out animals

Very many similar settlements in the proximity

Front 66

Biskupin

Back 66

Animals live in same dwellings with humans, perhaps for warmth

Built on an artificial foundation in a shallow lake for defensive reasons

Heavily timbered defensive walls

High concern with defense

High population density

Imported metal oars and/or objects

Very substantial use of wood throughout the occupation period

Front 67

Çatal Hüyük

Back 67

Entry through roofs rather than doors, presumably for defensive reasons

Extensive accumulations of obsidian

Extensive burials within the settlement area

Extensive use of plaster

Many “shrine-like” interior decorations

Much greater size than surrounding settlements

Painted representations of people without heads and of predatory birds

Venus-type figures found at site and at nearby sites

Front 68

Neolithic Dates

Back 68

End of the Ice Age (Sourcebook §2-A-5)

Earliest Natufians at Abu Hureya (Syria) (p. 8)

Latest Natufians at Abu Hureya (Syria) (p. 8)

Fermentation residues at Jiahu (China) (p. 5)

Lowest levels of Jarmo site (Iraq) (p. 3)

Çatal Hüyük already larger than other settlements (p. 20)

Agriculture reaches northeastern Europe (p. 9)

Bronze Age begins in southern Europe (p. 28)

Iron Age begins in southern Europe (p. 28)

Front 69

Neolithic Dates (2) (Sumer)

Back 69

Earliest levels of Jarmo (p. 31)

Ubaidian Phase in Mesopotamia (p. 32)

Earliest Mesopotamia writing (p. 32)

Mesopotamians use copper & bronze (p. 32)

Uruk expansion begins (p. 33)

Sargon of Akkad conquers Sumer (p. 37)

Sumer re-conquered after Third Dynasty of Ur (p. 38)

Glass bottles produced (p. 33)

Front 70

Neolithic Dates (3)

Back 70

Çatal Hüyük (Turkey) in its heyday

Banpo (China) in its heyday

Megalithic (Age of Stone Circles in Europe

Europeans begin using some bronze

Europeans use some iron

Romans conquer everybody they meet

Front 71

agriculture

Back 71

composting
fermenting beer
irrigating
making bread
manuring
brickmaking
broadcasting
gleaning
transplanting
using a dibble
winnowing
scything

Front 72

foraging

Back 72

gathering mussels
making arrows
salmon fishing
trapping
honey gathering
preying
stampeding
tracking
trout fishing

Front 73

herding

Back 73

hauling tents
branding
milking
transhumance
gelding
hatching

Front 74

A few foraging peoples are not nomadic and can remain in permanent villages because of the rich resources available in a single location. These include foragers living

Back 74

on the coast of British Columbia

Front 75

Which three of the following are new in the Neolithic? (Select three.)

Back 75

pottery
social class stratification
walled settlements.

Front 76

Which one of the following is new in the Neolithic?

Back 76

immobility of residence

Front 77

Which one of the following is a tool new to the Neolithic?

Back 77

plow

Front 78

Which of the following are thought to have made their first appearance at the very end of or after the Neolithic? (Select two.)

Back 78

bronze casting
writing

Front 79

The shift from gathering wild plants to harvesting cultivated plants is characterized by

Back 79

human influence in the genetic variation of a plant species

Front 80

The Neolithic Revolution

Back 80

was experienced as anything but a revolution.

Front 81

Seeking the probable region of earliest domestication of wheat, Robert Braidwood chose the foothills of the Zagros-Taurus mountain range on the hunch that

Back 81

one should look where genetically related plants grow wild

Front 82

The site of Jiahu in China is discussed because it provides the earliest archaeological evidence so far of

Back 82

deliberate use of fermentation

Front 83

The non-fractionating grains found at Jarmo were taken as evidence of domestication because such plants

Back 83

cannot easily reseed themselves

Front 84

Sickle Sheen

Back 84

is found on the microliths making up ancient sickle blades

Front 85

The so-called "Fertile Crescent" extends in an arc across parts of (Select as many as apply.)

Back 85

Syria
Iran
Turkey

Front 86

The Natufians are referred to as "terminal foragers" because their way of life involved

Back 86

a mix of foraging and of food production

Front 87

According to the "wave-of-advance" model

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agricultural populations expanded across Europe like a wave, probably at a rate of about a kilometer every year, displacing earlier foragers

Front 88

Which of the following foods was NOT a staple of the aboriginal Mexican diet? (Select as many as apply.)

Back 88

einkorn wheat
rice

Front 89

Millet was probably first cultivated in north China, where it became a major food crop, arguably because of its

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drought-resistance

Front 90

Among ancient cereal crops, rice was unusual in its (Select two.)

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high output of calories per unit of land
need for constant water

Front 91

Teosinte is not an important crop today. However it appears to have been a wild ancestor, or perhaps THE wild ancestor, of one of the world's most important food crops, namely

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maize/corn

Front 92

Preserving food by freeze-drying it seems to have been developed during the Neolithic in

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Peru

Front 93

Although Neolithic changes lay the basis for it, social stratification does not in fact become significant in most areas until

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the Bronze Age

Front 94

Compared with agricultural societies, pastoral societies are more likely to (Select three.)

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involve clear male dominance in households

exhibit high rates of polygyny

engage in raiding.

Front 95

A study by Goldschmidt of pastoralists notes that their arrangements for defense differ from those of settled farmers. Most pastoral peoples place strong emphasis upon

Back 95

segmentary lineages

Front 96

Language

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* Language is what people speak. The written symbols they use are called a "writing system" or "written language," not simply a language.

Front 97

Hopi

Back 97

* Hopi is the name both of a language and of the people who speak it. In addition the name Hopi refers to the cultural ambit of the Hopi speakers, which extends to the village of Tewa (located further east), where people speak Tewa but still consider themselves to be Hopi. The name Hopi does not refer to a place. (Note for Hopelessly Curious People Who Didn't Learn Their Lesson From the Previous Note)

Front 98

Bunyoro

Back 98

* Bunyoro is the name of a kingdom, now incorporated into the modern nation of Uganda (and no longer under British colonial administration). It is not the name of the people (the Nyoro) who live there. Please avoid phrases like "The Bunyoro have a myth according to which … ." Nyoro is the usual English term that refers to the people. (Note for the Linguistically Curious)

Front 99

The terms "Bronze Age" and "Iron Age" were devised by the Greek writer Hesiod, roughly contemporary with Homer, who imagined five ages, beginning with

Back 99

the Golden Age

Front 100

The territory of ancient Mesopotamia corresponds roughly to

Back 100

modern Iraq

Front 101

According to the Sourcebook's puckish footnote, American college "Ninkasi Societies" "began holding 'secret rites' to the goddess [Ninkasi." Given the associations of this Sumerian goddess, one easily imagines that students in such societies wore Ninkasi T-shirts and

Back 101

consumed large amounts of beer

Front 102

Hill-country villages like Jericho and Jarmo may have had agriculture and herding earlier, but they gave way to plains villages like Al Ubaid by about 4000 BC, with larger buildings and probably temples. Later Sumerian tradition held that the "Ubaidian" phase was abruptly ended by

Back 102

a great flood

Front 103

Earliest writing among the Sumerians seems to have been used only (or almost only) for

Back 103

bookkeeping

Front 104

Over-arching political power over the cities of Sumer in about 3000 BC was

Back 104

lacking

Front 105

Both for Çatal Hüyük and for Sumer, the comparative wealth of incoming trade items combined with the paucity of exportable goods suggests "intangible trade goods," such as

Back 105

charms and blessings

Front 106

Evidence suggests that "elite trade" was important because

Back 106

it provided a motivation for expansion and competition between Sumerian cities

Front 107

According to the Sourcebook article, Sumerian temples included not just priests, but also

Back 107

craftsmen and laborers Two of the following were important Sumerian cities.

Front 108

Two of the following were important Sumerian cities. The others are made-up words. Pick the cities. (Select two.)

Back 108

Ur
Uruk

Front 109

In about 2400, King Sargon of Akkad conquered Sumer and unified Sumer and Akkad under a single royal house. Akkad was located

Back 109

to the north of modern Baghdad

Front 110

MMW Time Quiz: Writing (1)

Back 110

Sumerian clay tokens first appear
Sumerian written in cuneiform
Akkadian written in Cuneiform
Minoan written in Linear A
Mycenaean written in Linear B
Classical Greek written in Greek letters
Latin written in Roman letters
English written in Roman letters
Nahuatl written in Roman letters
Script devised for writing Cherokee written in Roman letters

Front 111

MMW Time Quiz: Writing (2)

Back 111

Egyptian script first appears
Akkadian script first appears
Linear-A script first appears
Linear-B script first appears
Phoenicians create alphabet
Homeric Greek script first appears
Roman script first appears
Roman letter X is first used
Roman letter W is first used
Cherokee script first appears

Front 112

MMW Time Quiz: Midterm 2 (A)

Back 112

Natufians become agricultural
Banpo village founded
Earliest Egyptian writing
Hopi villages founded
European discovery of the Americas
Sequoyah transcribes Cherokee
Helen Sekaquaptewa undergoes childhood initiation
Beattie does fieldwork among the Nyoro
Colonial rule ends in Uganda