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192 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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name the levels of organization in the body from the smallest to the largest units
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chemical level - atoms and molecules
cellular level - organelles allow cells to function tissue level - groups of similar cells organ level - diff tissues combine organ system level - related organs work together organismal level - all body systems function to form the organism |
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name the 4 types of tissue
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epithelial
connective muscle nervous |
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vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts
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coronal plane
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plane that cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of the body; separated into superior and inferior parts
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transverse plane
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plane that extends through the body vertically and divides it into left and right halves
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midsagittal plane
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in front of; toward the front surface
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anterior
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in back of; toward the back surface
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posterior
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at the back side of the human body
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dorsal
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at the belly side of the human body
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ventral
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closer to the head
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superior
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closer to the feet
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inferior
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at the tail or rear end
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caudal
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at the head end
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cranial
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toward the nose
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rostral
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toward the midline of the body
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medial
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away from the midline of the body
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lateral
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on the inside, underneath another structure
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deep
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on the outside
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superficial
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closer to the point of attachment to the trunk
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proximal
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furthest from the point of attachment to the trunk
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distal
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includes the head, neck, and trunk
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axial region
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appendages
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limbs
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region consisting of our appendages or limbs
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appendicular region
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layered serous membrane enclosing the heart within the mediastinum
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pericardium
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the outermost layer of the pericardium and forms the sac around the heart
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parietal pericardium
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inner layer of the pericardium and forms the heart's external surface
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visceral pericardium
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two-layered serous membrane on the right and left sides of the thoracic cavity
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pleura
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outer serous membrane layer of the thoracic cavity
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parietal pleura
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inner serous membrane layer of the thoracic cavity; covers the external surface of the lungs
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visceral pleura
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moist two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
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peritoneum
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outer serous membrane layer of the abdominopelvic cavity that lines the internal walls
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parietal peritoneum
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inner serous membrane layer of the abdominopelvic cavity that lines most of the digestive organs
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visceral peritoneum
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phospholipid bilayer of cell that contains receptors for communication; acts as a barrier to enclose cell contents; regulates material in and out
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plasma membrane
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a viscous fluid in cells; provides support for organelles
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cytosol
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contains cytosol, inclusions, and organelles; place of many metabolic processes of the cell and stores nutrients and dissolved solutes
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cytoplasm
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acts control center of nucleus; controls all genetic info and is the site of ribosome subunit assembly
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nucleus
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porous membrane boundary between the cytoplasm and nuclear contents
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nuclear envelope
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dark spherical granular region of the nucleus; synthesizes rRNA and assembles ribosomes in the nucleus
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nucleolus
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interconnected network of membrane tubules and vesicles; makes lipids, carbs, detoxes drugs and alcohol
no ribosomes |
smooth ER
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flattened network of cisternae; ribosomes attached on cytoplasmic surface; makes proteins for export, the plasma membrane, transports and stores molecules
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rough ER
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modifies and packages and sorts new proteins for secretion
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Golgi apparatus
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synthesizes most ATP during cellular respiration; "powerhouse of cell"
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mitochondria
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bound to rough ER; synths proteins for use in cell, secretion
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ribosomes
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network of filaments or tubules throughout cell that provides structural support; facilitates cytoplasmic streaming
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cytoskeleton
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organizes microtubules; participates in spindle formaton during cell division
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centrosome
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increase membrane surface area for increased absorption and/or secretion
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microvilli
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the cell division process that occurs in (somatic) non-sex cells
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mitosis
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name the two main phases of mitosis
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interphase
mitotic phase |
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name the 3 phases of interphase in order
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G1 phase
S Phase G2 phase |
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first phase of interphase; cell grows and produce organelles
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G1
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2nd phase of interphase; Synthesis - DNA replicates
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S Phase
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3rd phase of interphase; second growth or gap phase; enzymes needed for cell division are synthesized
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G2
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Name the 4 phases of the mitotic phase
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Prophase
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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1st phase of the mitotic phase; chromosomes become visible
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prophase
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2nd phase of the mitotic phase; Chromosomes line up along equatorial plate
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Metaphase
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3rd phase of the mitotic phase; Sister Chromatids pulled apart are now single
stranded chromosomes |
anaphase
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final phase of the mitotic phase; Single stranded chromosomes arrive at each pole; results in a cleavage furrow
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Telophase
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happens usually late in anaphase and ends after telophase; cleavage furrow is formed and cytoplasm divides resulting in two daughter cells
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cytokinesis
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cells or organs composed predominantly of epithelial tissue; perform a secretory function by producing substances either for use in the body or for elimination from the body
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glands
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glands that lack ducts and secrete their hormones directly into the interstitial fluid and bloodstream
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endocrine glands
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glands that typically originate from an invagination of epithelium that burrows into the deeper CT; usually maintain their contact with the epithelial surface by means of a duct that may secrete materials onto the surface of the skin
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exocrine glands
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what are the 3 subdivisions of CT?
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CT proper
supporting CT Fluid CT |
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what are the two subdivions of CT proper?
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loose CT
Dense CT |
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name the 3 types of loose CT proper
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areolar
adipose reticular |
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name the 3 types of dense CT proper
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regular
irregular elastic |
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name the two types of supporting CT
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Catilage
Bone |
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name the three types of cartilage supporting CT
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hyaline
fibrocartilage elastic |
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name the two types of cartilage supporting CT
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compact
spongy |
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what tissue can only be classified as Fluid CT?
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Blood
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name the layers of the epidermis from top to bottom
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stratum corneum
stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale |
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epidermal layer found only in thick skin
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stratum lucidum
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death zone of the epidermis
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stratum granulosum
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name the two layers of the dermis from the top to bottom
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papillary layer
reticular layer |
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superficial layer of dermis
relatively thin dermal papillae; friction ridges of fingerprints - interlock with epidermal ridges |
papillary layer
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meshwork of collagen fibers
thicker, deeper layer of the dermis; dense irregular CT |
Reticular layer
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name the 3 main structures of the hair
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hair bulb
root shaft |
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fine unpigmented hair that first appears on the fetus in the last trimester
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lanugo
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hair appearing at birth; found on most of the human body
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vellus
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coarse, pigmented hair found in the axillary and above the neck.
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terminal hair
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hair within the follicle internal to the surface
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root
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a swelling at the base where the hair originates in the dermis; bases is the papilla
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hair bulb
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the portion of the hair that extends beyond the skin surface
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shaft
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an oblique tube that surrounds the root hair; always extends into the dermis
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hair follicle
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any glands of the skin
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cutaneous glands
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holocrine glands that discharge sebum usually into hair follicles; generally inactive during childhood; all over body except palms and soles
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sebaceous glands
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modified sweat glands located only in the external acoustic meatus where their secretion mixes with sebum and keratinocytes to create cerumen
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ceruminous glands
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bones with a greater length than width; ex: femur
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long bones
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bones with length nearly equal to their width; ex: carpals
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short bones
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bones that have a flat, thin surface; ex: sternum, scapulae, sternum
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flat bones
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bones that have elaborate, complex shapes and don't fit into any other category; ex: vertebrae, ossa coxae, skull bones
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irregular bones
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name 3 landmarks of the scapulae
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coraoid process
spine acromion |
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name 3 landmarks of the clavicle
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sternal end
acromial end conoid tubercle |
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name 3landmarks of the humerus
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deltoid tuberosity
greater tubercle medial epicondyle |
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name a landmark of the radius and ulna
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olecranon
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freely mobile articulations separated by spaces called joint cavities
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synovial joints
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names 4 synovial joints
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shoulder joint, elbow joint, knee joint, temporomandibular joint
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the simplest synovial articulation and the least mobile; only side-to-side movements are possible; ex: intercarpal and intertarsal joints
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plane joint
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synovial joint in which the convex surface of one articulating bone fits int a concave depression on the other bone; like the hinge of a door; ex: elbow joint, knee joint, finger joints
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hinge joints
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synovial joint in which one articulating bone with a rounded surface fits into a ring formed by a ligament and another bone; ex: radioulnar joint
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pivot joint
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synovial joint in which an oval surface on one bone articulates with a concave articular surface of the second bone; ex: finger joints from 2-5
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condylar joints
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synovial joint in which the articular surface of the bone is convex and concave regions resembling a saddle; more movement than condylar or hinge; ex: thumb joint
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saddle joint
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multiaxial joints in which spherical articulating head of one bone fits into the rounded cup-like socket of the second bone; ex: shoulder joint
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ball-and-socket joint
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angle between bones decreases
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flexion
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angle between bones increases
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extension
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extension movement goes past anatomic position
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hyperextension
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vertebral column moves in either lateral direction along a coronal plane
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lateral flexion
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movement of a bone away from the midline
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abduction
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movement of a bone toward the midline
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adduction
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continuous movement that combines flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in succession
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circumduction
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rotation of a forearm whereby the palm is turned posteriorly; showing the top of the hand
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pronation
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rotation of a forearm whereby the palm is turned anteriorly; showing the palm
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supination
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movement of a body part inferiorly
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depression
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movement of a body part superiorly
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elevation
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ankle joint movement whereby the dorsum of the foot is brought closer to the anterior surface of the leg
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dorsiflexion
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ankle joint movement whereby the sole of the foot is brought closer to the posterior surface of the leg
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plantar flexion
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turns soles medially
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inversion
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enables us to grasp objects
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opposition
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turns soles away from each other
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eversion
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anterior movement of a body part from the anatomic position
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protraction
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posterior movement of a body part from anatomic postion
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retraction
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the functional contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber; defined as the distance from one Z disc to the next adjacent Z disc
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sarcomere
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light, central region in the A band. it's lighter shaded because only thick filaments are present; disappears during maximum contraction
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H Zone
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a thin transverse protein meshwork structure in the center of the H Zone of a relaxed fiber; serves as an attachment site for the thick filaments and keeps the thick filaments aligned.
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M Line
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thin transverse protein structure in the center of the I band that serves as an attachment site for thin filament ends. circular, sometimes looks like a line from a head-on view
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Z disc
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Z Discs that anchor and interconnect the thin filament ends at either end of a sarcomere
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Connectins
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part of a neuron; an expanded tip of an axon. when it nears the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber, it expands to cover the sarcolemma
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synaptic knob
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a specialized region of the sarcolemma. has folds and indents to raise the membrane surface area covered by the synaptic knob
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motor end plate
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what does the sliding filament theory state?
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when a muscle contracts, thick and thin filaments slide past each other, and the sarcomere shortens
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individual muscle cells arranged in thick bundles within the heart wall; striated, but thicker and shorter than skeletal muscle fibers; form Y-shaped branches
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Cardiac Muscle
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composed of short muscle cells that have a fusiform shape; have a single, centrally located nucleus, thick AND thin filaments, no visible striations
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smooth muscle
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where is smooth muscle found?
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viscera
blood vessels |
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what discs are not found in smooth muscle?
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Z Discs
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cardiac cell junctions where cardiac muscle connects to adjacent muscle cells
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intercalated discs
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elevates the corners of the nostrils
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nasalis
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compresses cheek and holds food between teeth during chewing
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buccinator
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draws corners of mouth inferiorly and laterally; frown muscle
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depressor anguli oris
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draws lower lip inferiorly
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depressor labii inferioris
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draws corners of mouth superiorly and laterally; smile muscle
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levator anguli oris
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opens lips; raises and furrows the upper lip; Elvis lip
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Levator Labii Superioris
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protrudes lower lip and wrinkles chin; pout muscle
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mentalis
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compresses and purses lips; kiss muscles
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orbicularis oris
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draws corner of lip laterally; tenses lips; synergist of zygomaticus
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risorius
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two muscles: elevates corner of the mouth; smile muscle
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zygomaticus major and minor
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elevates superior eyelid
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levator palpebrae superioris
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closes eye; produces winking, blinking, and squinting; blink muscle
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orbicularis oculi
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pulls lower lip inferiorly; tenses skin of neck; dread muscle
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platysma
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contraction of this muscle causes flattening and thus expansion of thoracic cavity; increases pressure in abdominopelvic cavity
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diaphragm
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two muscles that depress ribs during forced exhalation
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internal intercostals
serratus posterior inferior |
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two muscles that elevate ribs during inhalation
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external intercostals
serratus posterior superior |
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two muscles that flex the thigh
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illiacus
psoas major |
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muscle for crossing legs, flexes the thigh longest muscle in body
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sartorius
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4 leg extender muscles
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rectus femoris
vastus lateralis vastus medialis vastus intermedius |
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5 muscles that adduct and flex thigh
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adductor longus and brevis
adductor magnus gracilis pectineus |
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extends the thigh; laterally rotates thigh
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gluteus maximus
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abducts thigh; medially rotates thigh
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gluteus medius
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flexes leg and laterally rotates it
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biceps femoris
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medially rotates leg
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semimembranosus
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medially rotates leg
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semitendinosus
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RBCs; lower layer; form about 44% of blood samples
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erythrocytes
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makes up middle layer of blood samples; thin slightly grey-white layer composed of leukocytes/WBCs and platelets; >1%
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Buffy Coat
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straw colored liquid that lies above the buffy coat in a sample of blood; 55% of blood
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Plasma
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formed from the erythrocytes and buffy coat
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formed elements
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the safest universal donor
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Type O-
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the safest universal recipient
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Type AB+
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has A antigens and anti-B antibodies
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Type A
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has B antigens and anti-A abs
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Type B
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has no A or B antigens has anti-A and anti-B abs
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Type O
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has both A and B antigens and no abs
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Type AB
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WBCs; help initiate immune response and defend the body against pathogens; true cells;
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leukocytes
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leukocytes that release enzymes that target and phagocytize pathogens, especially bacteria
the most abundant L |
neutrophils
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rare,~3%
•red granules •2 lobes in nucleus •destroy large parasites •fights allergies |
eosiniphils
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rarest, <1%
secrete histamine and heparin for anti-inflammatory or allergic reactions |
basophils
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~30%
• found in lymphatic organs •3 types of lymphocytes — T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. |
Lymphocytes
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•Largest leukocytes
•C-shaped nucleus •transform to macrophages after leaving the blood •destroy dead or dying stuff |
Monocytes
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measures atrial contraction in an EKG
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P Wave
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measures V contraction in an EKG
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QRS complex
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measures V relaxation in EKG
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T Wave
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the force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
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Blood Pressure
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what qualifies as hypertension?
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>140 systolic and/or >90 diastolic
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top # on a blood pressure reading; measures contraction
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Systole
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bottom # on a blood pressure reading; measures relaxation
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diastole
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what is a healthy blood pressure?
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<120
-------- <90 |
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name all the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland
(think FLAT PiG) |
FSH
LH ACTH TSH PRL GH |
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hormone of the pituitary gland that stimulates production of corticosteroid hormones
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ACTH
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hormone of the pituitary gland that stimulates sex cell production
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FSH
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hormone of the pituitary gland that stimulates ovulation and estrogen in females and androgen in testes
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LH
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hormone of the pituitary gland that stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion
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TSH
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hormone of the pituitary gland that stimulates milk production in females and may play a role in the sensitivity in interstitial cells in males
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PRL
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hormone of the pituitary gland that stimulates increased growth and metabolism in target cells
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GH
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what happens to the diaphragm, ribs, and sternum during inhalation?
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-diaphragm contracts, thoracic cavity expands
-external intercostals elevate the ribs -lower part of sternum moves anteriorly |
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what happens to the diaphragm, ribs, and sternum during exhalation?
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-diaphragm relaxes, thoracic cavity becomes smaller
-internal intercostals depress the ribs -lower part of sternum moves posteriorly |
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explain what happens during muscle contraction
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1. a nerve supplies a stimulus
2. ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and fuses with a receptor in the motor end plate 3. an electrical signal travels down the t-tubule 4. the SR releases calcum into the sarcoplasm 5. calcium causes tropomyosin to move 6. myosin binds to actin and slides the thin filaments to the middle of the sarcomere |
