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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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chromosome |
cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells |
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chromatin |
long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes |
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cell cycle |
continuous sequence of growth (interphase) and division (mitosis) in a cell |
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interphase |
cell growth phase where a cell increases in size, carries on metabolism, and duplicates chromosomes prior to division |
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mitosis |
period of nuclear cell division in which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of chromosomes |
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prophase |
1st and longest phase of mitosis where chromatin coils into visible chromosomes |
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sister chromatid |
identical halves of a duplicated parent chromosome formed during the phrophase |
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centromere |
cell structure that joins two sister chromatids of a chromosome |
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centriole |
in animal cells, a pair of small sylindrical structures composed of microtubules that duplicate during interphase and move to opposite ends of the cell during prophase |
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spindle |
cell structures composed of microtubule fibers; forms between the centrioles during prophase and shorten during anaphase, pulling apart sister chromatids |
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metaphase |
short 2nd phase of mitosis where doubled chromosomes move to the equator of the spindle and chromatids are attached by centromeres to a separate spinder fiber |
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anaphase |
3rd phase of mitosis in which the centromeres split and the chromatid pairs of each chromosome are pulled apart by microtubules |
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telophase |
final phase of mitosis during which new cells prepare for their own independent existence |
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cytokinesis |
cell process following meiosis or mitosis in which the cell's cytoplasm divides and separates into new cells |
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tissue |
groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function |
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organ |
group of 2 or more tissues organized to perform complex activities within an organism |
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organ system |
multiple organs that work together to perform a specific life function |
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cancer |
uncontrolled cell division that may be caused by environmental factors and/or changes in enzyme production in the cell cycle |
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gene |
segment of DNA that controls the protein production and the cell cycle |
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diploid |
cell with 2 of each kind of chromosome; is said to contain a 2n number of chromosomes |
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haploid |
cell with one of each kind of chromosome; is said to contain n number of chromosomes |
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homologous chromosome |
paired chromosomes with genes for the same traits arranged in the same order |
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meiosis |
a type of cell division where one body cell produces 4 gametes, each containing half the number of chromosomes as a parent's body cell |
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sperm |
haploid male sex cells produced by meiosis |
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egg |
haploid female sex cells produced by meiosis |
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sexual reproduction |
pattern of reproduction that involves the production and subsequent fusion of haploid sex cells |
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crossing over |
exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids from homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis; results in new allele combination |
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genetic recombination |
major source of genetic variation among organisms caused by reassortment or crossing over during meiosis |
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nondisjunction |
failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis; results in gametes with too many or too few chromosomes |
