Mis Chapter 3 Database Lecture Exam Two

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Database

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Group of related files

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Entity

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Person, place, thing, or event about which information must be kept

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Attribute

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A piece of information describing a particular entity

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Key field

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Field that uniquely identifies every record in a file

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Database Terms

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FILE = TABLE = RELATION = ENTITY

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COLUMN

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COLUMN: FIELD = ITEM = ELEMENT = ATTRIBUTEsee slide 3-6

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ROW

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ROW: RECORD = TUPLE = INSTANCEsee slide 3-7

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BLOCK:

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BLOCK: VALUEsee slide 3-8

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Primary Key

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ElementItemAttributeField

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Examples of Keys

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Students – ID NumberVehicles – VIN or Vehicle Identification NumberAirplane – Tail NumberBook - ISBN

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Examples of Concatenated Keys

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Airline FlightOil well in OklahomaClass at OU

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Database Associations

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One-to-one (teams to stadiums)One-to-many (player to team)Many-to-many (players to games)

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Why Study Data Resource Management?

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Today’s business enterprises cannot survive or succeed without quality data about their internal operations and external environment.

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Data Resource Management

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Definition:A managerial activity that applies information systems technologies to the task of managing an organization’s data resources to meet the information needs of their business stakeholders

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Database Technology

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A collection of related data organized in a way that makes it valuable and usefulAllows organizations to retrieve, store, and analyze information easilyIs vital to an organization’s success in running operations and making decisions

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Entities

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Things we store information about. (i.e. persons, places, objects, events, etc.)Have relationships to other entities (i.e. the entity Student has a relationship to the entity Grades in a University Student database

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Attributes

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These are pieces of information about an entity (i.e. Student ID, Name, etc. for the entity Student)

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Field

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Individual characteristics about an ENTITY. Fields are also called attributes or columns depending on the type of DBMS

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Record

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A group of fields or attributes to describe a single instance of an ENTITY. These are also called rows depending on the DBMS

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File

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A collection of records or instances for a given ENTITY. These are also called tables depending on the DBMS

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Database

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A collection of files or entities containing information to support a given system or a particular topic area

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Levels of a Database Management System (DBMS)

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Field (HIGHEST)RecordFileDatabase (LOWEST)

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File Processing Approach (Old School)

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Storage Media: Sequential tapes or files Data: stored in long sequential filesOrganization: redundant data in multiple filesEfficiency: data embedded to support processingUpdates: requires multiple updates in many filesProcessing: slower query/faster processing

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Data Base Approach (New School-TODAY)

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Storage Media: Direct Access Storage Device (DASD) Data: stored in related tablesOrganization: redundant data minimized/eliminatedEfficiency: data only stored only in tablesUpdates: requires few or one update for a data fieldProcessing: faster query/slower processing

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Storage MediaFile Processing Approach (Old School)

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Sequential tapes or files

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DataFile Processing Approach (Old School)

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stored in long sequential files

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OrganizationFile Processing Approach (Old School)

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redundant data in multiple files

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EfficiencyFile Processing Approach (Old School)

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data embedded to support processing

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UpdatesFile Processing Approach (Old School)

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requires multiple updates in many files

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ProcessingFile Processing Approach (Old School)

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slower query/faster processing

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Storage MediaData Base Approach (New School-TODAY)

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Direct Access Storage Device (DASD)

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DataData Base Approach (New School-TODAY)

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stored in related tables

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OrganizationData Base Approach (New School-TODAY)

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redundant data minimized/eliminated

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EfficiencyData Base Approach (New School-TODAY)

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data only stored only in tables

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UpdatesData Base Approach (New School-TODAY)

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requires few or one update for a data field

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ProcessingData Base Approach (New School-TODAY)

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faster query/slower processing

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Database Administrator (DBA)

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Designs, develops and monitors performance of databasesEnforces policy and standards for data uses and security

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Systems Analyst

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Defines data requirements working with a DBA Incorporates the database design into new program designs

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Systems Programmer

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Creates business applications that connect to databasesTests the new systems and databases before use

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Database Systems Activities – Data Entry

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ExampleData is entered from paper employment applications into a form entry screenThe entry forms are designed to match the paper forms for easy entry The form data is processed by the entry program and then stored in the employment databasesee slide 3-23

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Query Database Systems Activities – Querysee example - slide 3-24

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A database function that extracts and displays information from a database given selection parameters.

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SQL (Structure Query Language)Database Systems Activities – Querysee example - slide 3-24

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A language to select and extract data from a database The industry standard language for relational databases

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QBE (Query by Example)Database Systems Activities – Querysee example - slide 3-24

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A technique that allows a user to design a query on a screen by dragging and placing the query field in their desired locations

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Report Database Systems Activities – Reportsee example - slide 3-25

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A database function that extracts and formats information from a database for printing and presentation

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Report GeneratorDatabase Systems Activities – Reportsee example - slide 3-25

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A specialized program that uses SQL to retrieve and manipulate data (aggregate, transform, or group)Reports are designed using standard templates or can be custom generated to meet informational needs

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Data Model3-26

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A map or diagram that represents entities and their relationshipsUsed by Database Administrators to design tables with their corresponding associations

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Database Keys

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Mechanisms used to identify, select, and maintain one or more records using an application program, query, or report

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Primary Key

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A unique attribute type used to identify a single instance of an entity.

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Compound Primary Key

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A unique combination of attributes types used to identify a single instance of an entity

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Secondary Key

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An attribute that can be used to identify one or more records within a table with a given value

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Designing Databases - Associations

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Associations Define the relationships one entity has to another Determine necessary key structures to access data Come in three relationship types: - One-to-One - One-to-Many - Many-to-Many

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Foreign Key

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An attribute that appears as a non-primary key in one entity (table) and as a primary key attribute in another entity (table)

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Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) see example - slide 3-30 & see 3-31

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Diagramming tool used to express entity relationshipsVery useful in developing complex databases

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The Relational Model

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The most common type of database model used today in organizationsIs a three-dimensional model compared to the traditional two-dimensional database models Rows (first-dimension) Columns (second-dimension) Relationships (third-dimension) The third-dimension makes this model so powerful because any row of data can be related to any other row or rows of data

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Normalization

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A technique to make complex databases more efficient by eliminating as much redundant data as possibleExample: Database with redundant data (see slide 3-35)

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Data Dictionary

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Is a document that database designers prepare to help individuals enter dataProvides several pieces of information about each attribute in the database including: Name Key (is it a key or part of a key) Data Type (date, alpha-numeric, numeric, etc.) Valid Value (the format or numbers allowed)Can be used to enforce Business Rules which are captured by the database designer to prevent illegal or illogical values from entering the database. (e.g. who has authority to enter certain kinds of data)

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Online Transactional Processing

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The mechanism by which customers, suppliers, and employees process business transactions for an organization These users conduct transactions online through internal systems and external Websites for processing and storage

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Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

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Graphical software tools that provide complex analysis of data stored on a databaseOLAP tools enable users to analyze different dimensions of data beyond data summary and data aggregations of normal database queriesThe OLAP Server is the chief component of an OLAP system which understands how the data is organized and has special functions for analyzing dataOLAP can provide time series and trend analysis views of data, data-drill downs, and the ability to answer “what-if” and “why” questions as part of its functions

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Data Mining

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Data MiningIs a method companies use to analyze information to better understand their customers, products, markets, or any other phase of their business for which they have dataWith data mining tools you can graphically drill down, sort or extract data based on certain conditions, perform a variety of statistical analysisData mining applications are very powerful and use highly complex algorithms to analyze and to identify opportunities

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Knowledge Management

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The process an organization uses to gain the greatest value from its knowledge assets

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Knowledge Assets

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All underlying skills routines, practices, principles, formulas, methods, heuristics, and intuitions whether explicit or tacit

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Explicit Knowledge

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Anything that can be documented, archived, or codified often with the help of information systems

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Tacit Knowledge

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The processes and procedures on how to effectively perform a particular task stored in a persons mind

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Best PracticesKnowledge Management System (KMS)

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Procedures and processes that are widely accepted as being among the most effective and/or efficient

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TechnologyKnowledge Management System (KMS)

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Generally not a single technology but instead a collection of tools that include communication technologies (e.g. e-mail, groupware, instant messaging), and information storage and retrieval systems (e.g. database management system) to meet the Primary Objective

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Primary ObjectiveKnowledge Management System (KMS)

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How to recognize, generate, store, share, manage this tacit knowledge (Best Practices) for deployment and use