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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sensation |
Gathering information through senses |
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Perception |
Interpreting information gathered -recognition: turning sensations into something meaningful -organizing |
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Texture gradient |
Close-large grains, farther apart Away-smaller grains, closer together |
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Aerial perspective |
The closer an object the crisper image seems, more clearly delineated |
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Motion parallax |
Objects approaching get larger and closer |
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Binocular convergence |
Closer the object the more eyes must turn inward (nose) -muscles send messages to brain regarding about degrees eyes turn inward |
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Binocular disparity |
Closer an object, greater disparity between the views of it as sensed by each eye -apparent jumping of images between 2 eyes which indicate level of binocular disparity decreases with distance |
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Figure-Ground |
Figure-proment object Ground- background |
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Proximity
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Perceive objects that are close to each other as forming a group |
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Similarity |
Perceive objects that are similar to each other as forming a group |
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Continuity |
Perceive smoothly flowing or continuous forms rather than disrupted of discontinuous ones |
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Closure |
Close up, or complete, objects that are not complete |
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Attention |
Requires selection and choosing a stimuli from a group -avoid "info overload" -limited capacity |
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Theories of Attention "Spotlight" Model |
Attention moves from one point to the next |
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Theories of Attention "Zoom Lens" Model |
Attention expands from fixations and shrinks to cued location i.e. moving your focus in and out of specific areas in the picture |
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Feature Search |
Searching for target based on single attribute
-if salient feature (different) number does't matter |
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Feature Searches Salience |
Vividness of stimulus -salient cues: color, size, motion, orientation |
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Feature Searches Parallel Search |
processing of multiple stimuli at same time |
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Conjunction Search |
No single feature defines target -co occurrence of two or more features |
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Ineffective Searches Serial Self Terminating Search |
Items examined one after another until target it found or until all items are checked -roughly half the items need to be examined (n+1)/2 where n is your set size |
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Ineffective Searches Limited Capacity Parallel Processes |
Focuses on one area then moving on to next -spray nozzle |
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Modeling Visual Search |
object > identify primitives > combine primitives > perceive object > compare to memory > identify object if match found |
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Feature Integration Theory Pre-attentive Attention |
Process all parts of the scene at same time
-register features automatically -parallel processing -identify features simultaneously -low-level processing |
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Feature Integration Theory Focused Attention |
Process items one at a time -slower serial processing -identify one object at a time -complex objects -identify which features belong |
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Salience is determined by: |
1. attention attracted to most dissimilar item 2. top-down attention -if your looking for car keys you look for characteristics of a car key (small, key shaped) |
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Visual Preference for faces Fantz (1961) |
Study infant perception -two visual stimuli are present (person to babies left and right) -study how long the baby spent looking at each stimulus |
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Holistic Recognition |
People more than just a sum of parts -If we looked at features individually we would see the problem |
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Own Race-Bias |
Better ability to distinguish people of own race -prejudice? ask (can Martin move to Colorado, can Martin date your daughter) psychological distance
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Facial Expressions Innate |
Similar expressions in different geographic regions -Darwin (facial expressions have evolved as part of the actions necessary for life) -Ekman & Friesen people could identify westerens facial expressions without any pre exposure could recognize and produce with no trouble -blind kids can still make facial expressions |
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Fusiform Face Area |
-Right inferior temporal cortex -"what" pathway -fMRI studies show FFA activated by faces Problems -location varies per person -FFA activated for non faces |
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Two Approaches to Studying Perception Psychophysical Approach |
measure relationships between stimuli and perception -identifying if objects are same color |
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Two Approaches to Studying Perception Physiological Approach |
measuring the relationship between stimuli and physiological processes -helps to understand how we perceive |
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Psychophysics |
the science of defining quantitative relationships between physical and psychological events |
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Perceptual Set |
Expectations and context influence perception i.e. duck/rabbit > more likely to see in mixed photo of both |
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Perceptual Response to a Stimuli |
describing
recognize detecting perceiving searching |
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Description |
1st step in studying perception, describes, what we see basic- color, taste, distance |
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Recognition |
Stimuli presented and identified categorized -gives info that stimulus perceived |
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Detection Absolute Threshold |
intensity that observer can just barely detect stimulus
-present |
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Just Noticeable Difference (JND) |
smallest detectable difference between 2 stimuli |
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Webers Law |
proportion needed to notice a difference is constant -proportion not amount -holding albs how much different than holding 25lbs |
