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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Th1 responses
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lead to cytotoxic lymphacyte and activation of macrophage.
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What happen with macrophage activation
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as soon as they activated
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ACtivated Th1 cells
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this activation of macrophaeg lead to production of very toxic chemical such as
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The formation of granuloma
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when the macrophage can't kill the bacteria. they form a multi nucleatic giant cells and start to surround the area and getting out.
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Th1 and some Th2 that may regulate Th1 ?
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a crowd of sourounding lymphocuyte , Th1 responses against intracellular pathogen. Some of the Th2 lymphocytes present as well.
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AS time goes by,
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the oxygen supply to the center of granuloma and the center of it becomes calcified.
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X-ray in tuberculosis
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look for calcified granaloma. Some of the bug inside there might still be alive.
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An anergic immune system
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always a negative skin test.
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Measles
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severe T-cell anergic to.
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The calcified granuloma formation
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can be everywhere.
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caseation necrosis
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look like blue cheese.
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CD4 Memeory Th1
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t cells
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Humoral adaptive immunity
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antibody mediated ability.
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Humoral
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th2 profiles Il-4 Il-5 and Il-13.
Il-10: th2 cytokines in mouse Il-10: both th2 and th1 in human |
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Activated T cells
Effector T Cells |
Effector T cells are the resulting differeniated T cells from acivated T cells
They can be classified in the fowlloiwn type depending on The profiels of ctokines they make Their main function in adaptive immunity |
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Th2 cell
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high lever of IgE production as a response to Helminth parasites
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A lot of Thf functions
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is belong Th2 profiel t-cell
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Pumping of cytokines leading
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profile switching IgE and mast cell as well as plasma cell.
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Th2 responses
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neutralizing the responses. Th2 response is primary associate with allergy.
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T follicular Helper Cells (Tfh)
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Can produce Th1 and Th2 cytokines
Driven by: Il-6 ? (inflamatory responses) Bcl-6 as TF (tf= transcription factor) |
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Express
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CDCR5: binds CSCL13 produced by stromal follicular cells
ICOS: binds ICOS ligand on B cells |
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Knock out ICOS
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severe minaimal B cell activationa dn th2 response
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APCs
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macrophage and B cells need costimulatory
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BCR on a B-cells
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membrance bound immunoglobulin
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Bind to antigen and get phagocyted ( endocytosis and )
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antigen processing and presentation
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How to induce co-stimulation to the B cell ?
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The Threesome model .
B cell that presented , recognized by dendritic cells .T cells CD4 stand before B7 and CD28. |
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Upon activation , T cell
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expresses CD40L
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It's now ready to
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replication and profilerate.
This system is elegant ! |
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Linked recognition
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a requirement for proper B cell actviation: the epitope recognized by DC and T cell and B cell has to be physical lined : Linked recognition.
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Vacinne fails
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because lack of linked regconition.
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CD40 ligand is expressed
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and it is critical for class switching. Stuck in primary T cell responses
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Cytokines usually
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come faster than CD40L . Generation of secretory machines.
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Differentiation of B cell hhas two stages
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Plasmablast (retains surface Ig and MHC II)
and plasma (lost both Surface Ig and MHC II) |