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191 Cards in this Set
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It is the greek word where the term ethics came from. |
ETHOS |
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What is the meaning of the word "ETHOS"? |
CUSTOM OR CHARACTER |
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What is Ethics? |
It is the study of the rightness and wrongness of a human action. |
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What is the difference between Ethics and Morality? |
Ethics is a theory, whereas morality is a practice. ETHICS: SCIENCE OF MORALS MORALITY: PRACTICE OF ETHICS |
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What is the practice of ethics? |
MORALITY |
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What is the science of morals? |
ETHICS |
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What are the branches of ethics? |
MAND *Meta Ethics *Descriptive *Applied Ethics *Normative Ethics -Virtue - Consequentialism - Deontological |
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What is Normative Ethics? |
It is prescriptive. Why? because it seeks to set norms or standards that regulate wrong or right doing or good and bad conduct. DO GOOD AT ALL TIMES! |
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What is Descriptive Ethics? |
It is descriptive. Why? It is because it refers to what people actually believe (or made to believe) about right or wrong. It is based on one's culture.
WHAT IS GOOD? |
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What is Applied Ethics? |
It refers to actual application of ethical or moral theories. e.g CODE OF ETHICS. |
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How does logic and ethics connect from each other? |
Logic refers to the science of thinking or reasoning. RIGHT THINKING LEADS TO RIGHT DOING! |
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How does Psychology and Ethics connect from each other? |
Psychology is a branch of social science which aims to study the behavior of humans. IT IS CONNECTED TO ETHICS AS IT SOUGHT HOW MAN OUGHT TO BEHAVE! ACTIONS HAVE REASONS! |
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How does Sociology and Ethics connect from each other? |
Sociology is the study of society. INSIDE OUR SOCIETY, THERE ARE HUMAN INTERACTION AND ETHICS POSSESS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN HARMONY BETWEEN DIFFERENT INTERACTIONS PRESENT IN OUR SOCIETY. |
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How does Economics connect with Ethics? |
Economics refers to the study of proper allocation of the limited resources to satisfy the unlimited needs and wants of people. NO MAN IS AN ISLAND. WE OUGHT FOR JUSTICE AND FIGHT FOR OUR RIGHTS! |
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What are the five (disciplines?) which are included in the morality and the different phases of life? |
RAPE LAW *Religion *Art *Politics *Education *Law |
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Explain ethics and education. |
THROUGH ETHICS, EDUCATION IS NOT ILLICIT. |
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Explain ethics and law. |
KNOWING WHAT IS RIGHT AND WRONG HELPS ONE TO BE ETHICAL |
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Explain ethics and arts. |
IT AROUSES AND INSPIRE THE NOBLE EMOTIONS OF MAN. |
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Explain ethics and politics. |
GOOD GOVERNMENT ISN'T POSSIBLE WITHOUT ETHICS |
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Explain ethics and religion.. |
PRESCRIBES THE SAME MEANS FOR ATTAINING THE GOAL OF MAN: RIGHT LIVING |
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What is the meaning of the ancient Greek word ETHIKOS? |
"relating to one' character" |
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What is the Latin translation of ETHIKOS? |
ETHICA |
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What is the French translation of ETHIKOS? |
ETHIQUE |
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What is the standard definition of ethics, according to Rushworth Kidder? |
"THE SCIENCE OF IDEAL HUMAN CHARACTER" "THE SCIENCE OF MORAL DUTY" |
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What refers to the QUALITY of right or wrong in human acts? |
MORALITY |
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What refers to actions which are done with knowledge? |
HUMAN ACT |
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Which refers to normal things or the necessary human actions? e.g. sleeping, drinking, walking |
ACT OF MAN |
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Who is the proponent of the MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY? |
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG |
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What is the theory which studies how people act or decide in different situations or how children develop morality and moral reasoning? |
MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY |
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How many levels and stages does the MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY by LAWRENCE KOHLBERG have? |
3 LEVELS 6 STAGES; 2 stages each level |
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What is the first level of the moral development theory of Kohlberg? |
Pre-Conventional |
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What is the level which actually includes the early childhood development and it also states that an individual does things BASED ON CONSEQUENCES? |
PRE-CONVENTIONAL |
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What are the two stages under pre-conventional? |
PIG LSU (stages 1-6) STAGE 1: PUNISHMENT-OBEDIENCE STAGE 2: INSTRUMENTAL RELATIVIST |
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It refers to the stage where behavior is based on punishment. It is the fear which acts to avoid punishment. |
STAGE 1: PUNISHMENT-OBEDIENCE |
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It is the stage where behavior is based on rewards. There is a reciprocity and a mutual benefit. |
STAGE 2: INSTRUMENTAL RELATIVIST |
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What is the level which includes the development between MIDDLE SCHOOL and behavior are based on the APPROVAL OF OTHERS or because of LAW OR ORDER? |
LEVEL 2: CONVENTIONAL |
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What are the two stages under level 2 conventional? |
STAGE 3: GOOD BOY, NICE GIRL STAGE 4: LAW AND ORDER ORIENTATION |
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It refers to the stage where behavior is based on SOCIAL APPROVAL AND EXPECTATIONS. |
STAGE 3: GOOD BOY, NICE GIRL |
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It refers to the stage where the authority and the law are respected. |
STAGE 4: LAW AND ORDER ORIENTATION |
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What is the level which includes development between college years and is about knowing not only the law but the PRINCIPLES BEHIND THE LAW? |
LEVEL 3: POST-CONVENTIONAL |
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What are the stages under LEVEL 3: POST CONVENTIONAL? |
STAGE 5: SOCIAL CONSTRUCT STAGE 6: UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES |
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It is the stage where an individual ought to do what is right or good for other people even if it is not legal as it considers individual rights. |
STAGE 5: SOCIAL CONSTRUCT |
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It refers to the stage where an individual behaves in accordance with what is good for everyone. |
STAGE 6: UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES |
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What is the theory which governs both ethics and philosophy that humans possess intrinsic values that govern human conduct? |
NATURAL LAW |
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Who stated that states exist to uphold laws which are in harmony with the universal principles of nature? |
CICERO |
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Who is the founder of Natural Law? |
ARISTOTLE |
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Who is the proponent who said that just by nature is not always the same as just by law? |
ARISTOTLE |
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Who stated that NATURAL JUSTICE is prevalent with same force? |
ARISTOTLE |
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Who stated that every individual has the REASON AND FREE WILL to meet his own end? |
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS |
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Who states that individuals should possess RIGHT THINKING IN HARMONY WITH NATURE? |
CICERO |
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"TO EACH HIS DUE" is a concept based by ________ |
CICERO |
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What does "TO HIS EACH DUE" means? |
WHAT WE ARE GETTING IS WHAT WE DESERVE |
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Who stated that we are in danger because of the seven social sins? |
MAHATMA GANDHI |
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What are the seven social sins? |
SKWPPRC SCIENCE WITHOUT HUMANITY KNOWLEDGE WITHOUT CHARACTER WEALTH WITHOUT WORK POLITICS WITHOUT PRINCIPLE PLEASURE WITHOUT CONSCIENCE RELIGION WITHOUT SACRIFICE COMMERCE WITHOUT MORALITY |
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What is the solution to the seven social sins? |
EXTERNAL STANDARD DERIVED FROM NATURAL LAW |
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Who states that nations were a subject to natural law? |
HUGO GROTIUS |
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Who stated that each man has the Liberty to preserve his own life? |
THOMAS HOBBES |
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Who states that we have a moral responsibility to not obey unjust positive laws? |
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. |
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Who weakens the thought that positive laws are derived from natural laws? |
IMMANUEL KANT JEREMY BENTHAM |
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What is predicament during the mid 20th century which is actually lawless but many positive laws are based from it? |
NAZI REGIME by ADOLF HITLER |
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Who said that CIVIL LAW must be shaped in accordance to NATURAL LAW? |
CICERO |
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It is the basic good of natural law which aims to preserve life. This understanding is what keeps them off from dangers. |
LIFE |
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It is the basic good which refers to the importance of avoiding ignorance as it signifies not forgetting essential cost. |
SHUN IGNORANCE |
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It is the basic good under natural law which develops the moral character and sensibility of human beings. |
SOCIAL LIFE |
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It is a basic good under natural law which highlights the importance of involving no crime. |
AVOID OFFENSE |
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It is the basic good under natural good which is considered as a step towards gaining a sense of morality and conscience. |
WORSHIP |
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It is a basic good of natural law which is considered a fundamental goods to propagate the human population. |
REPRODUCTION |
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It is a basic good of natural law which states that humans must educate their offspring as it is the foundation of moral and behavioral development. |
EDUCATION |
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Who is the father of modern economics who define three natural laws of economics? |
ADAM SMITH |
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What is the Law of Self-Interest? |
It lets humans work for their growth and development. |
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What is the Law of Competition? |
It states that competition encourages the development of products. |
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What is the Law of Supply and Demand? |
SUPPLY IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL If the supply is high the price is high If the supply is low the price is low. DEMAND IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL If the demand is high the price is low. If the demand is low the price is high. |
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What is the basis of the natural system of law which is used by people to make decisions? |
CONSCIENCE |
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What are the three natural law of ethics? |
SELF-PRESERVANCE BEHAVIOR WITH OTHERS PROPAGATION OF HUMAN SPECIES |
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What urges people to take care of their health and restricts from endangering or killing others? |
SELF-PERSERVERANCE |
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What is the natural law of ethics which expects humans to be humble, polite, and kind to others and it never wants them to be rude to others at any cost? |
BEHAVIOR WITH OTHERS |
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What is the natural law of ethics which states that it is wrong to be sexually involved without the purpose of procreation? |
PROPAGATION OF HUMAN SPECIES |
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What do we call the laws which are enforced by the government? |
POSITIVE LAW |
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What are the disadvantages of Positive law? |
It is biased and has a limited scope of application. It is also inefficient, costly, and complex. As well as lack of accessibility and discrepancy. |
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It is a disadvantage of positive law which states that it is difficult to understand by non-experts. |
COMPLEXITY |
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It is a disadvantage of positive law which states that it may not be always fair and justice. |
BIAS |
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It is a disadvantage of positive law which states that it is slow and inefficient. |
INEFFICIENCY |
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It is a disadvantage of positive law which states that it is expensive. |
COSTLY |
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It is a disadvantage of positive law which states that it has a lot of red tape and paperworks. |
BUREAUCRACY |
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It is a disadvantage of positive law which states that it may not be able to address all problems or disputes. |
LIMITED SCOPE OF APPLICATION |
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It is a disadvantage of positive law which states that it may vary from country to country, and etc. |
DISCREPANCY |
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It is a disadvantage of positive law which states that it may not be accessible to all members of society. |
LACK OF ACCESSIBILITY |
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What is the etymology of the term conscience? |
It came from the Latin word CONSCIENTIA which refers to sharing "KNOWLEDGE". Greek word: SUNEIDENAI |
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In the Catholic tradition, what is used to refer to a conscience that fails to recognize the true moral laws which are naturally predisposed to witness within our heart? |
ERRONEOUS CONSCIENCE |
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What refers to the highest authority and evaluates information to determine the quality of an action: good or evil, fair or unfair, and so on? |
CONSCIENCE |
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How does our conscience be formed or shaped? |
It is shaped through experience and education. |
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Who views conscience as a consciousness of one's self rather than of others, as well as it is drawn on values to which one is personally committed and is not necessarily shared by others? |
RICHARD SORABJI |
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Who has the view on conscience that humans are reflexive animals, meaning we feel emotions towards different phenomena in our lives and we are the master of our own self? |
CS LEWIS |
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Who stated that conscience is the act of applying our general knowledge of good and evil to everything we do? |
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS |
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Who distinguishes conscience from both a power in the human soul (WILL) and a HABIT residing in the power of the human soul? |
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS |
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What is the type of conscience which helps an individual determine whether a choice is good or bad in accordance to the objective law? |
CORRECT CONSCIENCE |
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What is the type of conscience which judges something incorrectly? |
ERRONEOUS CONSCIENCE |
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What is the type of conscience which states that there is a full certainty, without a doubt that a certain action is good or bad? |
CERTAIN CONSCIENCE |
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What is the type of conscience which one finds it difficult to determine or choose whether a certain action or choice is good or bad? |
DOUBTFUL |
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What is the type of conscience which one sees no sin when there is actually a sin? |
LAX CONSCIENCE |
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What is the type of conscience where one sees sin but there's actually no sin and views something as a mortal sin when it is just a venial sin? |
SCRUPULOUS CONSCIENCE |
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What is the type of conscience which involves judging correctly with careful attention concerning acts that are about to be performed? |
DELICATE CONSCIENCE |
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What is considered a requirement for human life and a means of deciding a course of action? |
ETHICS |
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What is the stand point or focus of study of ethics? |
THE MORALITY OF HUMAN ACTIONS |
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It is said from the previous module that ETHIKOS means relating to ones character, however what is the shortened meaning of it? |
CHARACTER, MORAL NATURE |
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What projects that attempt to use REASON to answer various kinds of ethical questions? |
PHILOSOPHICAL ETHICS OR MORAL PHILOSOPHY |
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What is the science of right thinking? |
LOGIC |
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What is the science of right living? |
ETHICS |
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If psychology studies how man behaves, what does ethics study? |
HOW MAN OUGHT TO BEHAVE |
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Descriptive Ethics deals with existing customs and laws, however it is said that customs and laws are changing from time to time. Due to this, from descriptive they have managed to create another name from it and its focus is to COMPARE THE ETHICS OR PAST AND PRESENT. What is this? |
COMPARATIVE ETHICS |
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What is the golden rule of Normative Ethics? |
"DOING TO OTHERS AS WE WANT THEM TO DO TO US" |
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What type of ethics deals with NORMS or set of considerations how one should act, thus it is THE STUDY OF ETHICAL ACTION AND SETS OUT THE RIGHTNESS OR WRONGNESS OF THE ACTION? |
NORMATIVE ETHICS |
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What is the other term for normative ethics? |
PRESCRIPTIVE ETHICS |
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What ethics focuses on one's character and the virtues for determining or evaluating ethical behavior? |
VIRTUE ETHICS |
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Who are the major advocates of Virtue Ethics? |
PAT PLATO ARISTOTLE THOMAS AQUINAS |
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Who gave the scheme of the four Cardinal virtues? |
PLATO |
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What are the four Cardinal virtues, according to Plato? |
PJTF PRUDENCE JUSTICE TEMPERANCE FORTITUDE (COURAGE) |
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Who is the disciple of Plato who categorized virtues as MORAL AND INTELLECT? |
ARISTOTLE |
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How did Aristotle categorizes Virtue? |
MORAL AND INTELLECTUAL |
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Who identified WISDOM AS A MORAL VIRTUE? |
ARISTOTLE |
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What is the other term for Deontological Ethics? |
DUTY ETHICS |
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What ethics focuses on the rightness or the wrongness of an action rather than its consequences? |
DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS |
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What are the different deontological theories? |
CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE MORAL ABSOLUTISM DIVINE COMMAND THEORY |
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What is the other term for Consequentialism Ethics? |
Teleological Ethics |
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What is the type of ethics which says that MORALITY OF AN ACTION IS CONTIGENT WITH THE OUTCOME OF AN ACTION? |
CONSEQUENTALISM OR TELELOGICAL ETHICS |
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What is the core idea of consequentialism? |
THE END JUSTIFY THE MEANS |
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What theory says that right action leads to the most happiness of the greatest number of people? |
UTILITARIANISM |
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What theory says that anything that maximizes pleasure is right? |
HEDONISM |
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What theory says that anything that maximizes GOOD FOR SELF is right? |
EGOISM |
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What is the theory which refers to ABSTINENCE FROM EGOISTIC PLEASURE TO ACHIEVE SPIRITUAL GOALS? |
ASCETICISM |
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What is the theory which refers to LIVING FOR OTHERS AND NOT CARING FOR SELF? |
ALTRUISM |
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What is the branch of ethics that ASKS HOW WE UNDERSTAND, KNOW ABOUT, AND WHAT WE MEAN WHEN WE TALK ABOUT WHAT IS RIGHT TO WRONG? |
META ETHICS |
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What kinds of questions do meta ethics have? |
ABSTRACT QUESTIONS |
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What are the six key domains of applied ethics? |
DECISION ETHICS PROFESSIONAL ETHICS CLINICAL ETHICS BUSINESS ETHICS ORGANIZATIONAL ETHICS SOCIAL ETHICS |
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What branch or ethics deals with the philosophical examination, FROM A MORAL STANDPOINT? |
APPLIED ETHICS |
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What ethics deals with the rightness or wrongness of social, economical, cultural, religious issues also like euthanasia, abortion, child labor, etc.? |
APPLIED ETHICS |
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Who is the English moral philosopher who stated that in order for a question to be considered a PHILOSOPHICAL ONE it must be REFLECTIVE GENERALITY and its style of argument is RATIONALLY PERSUASIVE? |
BERNARD WILLIAMS |
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According to Bernard Williams, how can we consider a question a philosophical one? |
In order for a question to be considered a PHILOSOPHICAL ONE it must be REFLECTIVE GENERALITY and its style of argument is RATIONALLY PERSUASIVE |
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What was the question addressed by Bernard Williams? |
HOW ONE SHOULD LIVE? |
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Who said that ethics is the CAPACITY TO THINK CRITICALLY ABOUT MORAL VALUES AND DIRECT OUR ACTIONS IN TERMS OF THAT VALUES, TO WHICH HE CONSIDERED A (GENERIC HUMAN CAPACITY)? |
LARRY CHURCHILL |
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How does Larry Churchill describe ethics? |
THE CAPACITY TO THINK CRITICALLY ABOUT MORAL VALUES AND DIRECT OUR ACTIONS BASED ON THOSE VALUES WHICH IS A GENERIC HUMAN CAPACITY. |
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Who defined ethics as to describe a particular person's own IDIOSYNCRATIC principles or habits? |
LARRY CHURCHILL |
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Who suggests that decision-making is driven by our core values, morals, and integrity? |
RUSHWORTH KIDDER |
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What are the two categories of decision according to rushworth? |
MORAL TEMPTATIONS ETHICAL DILEMMAS |
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What is the decision about right vs. wrong and is based clearly on CORE VALUES that each person possesses? |
MORAL TEMPTATION |
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What is the nationality of Kidder? |
American |
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Who defined ethics as a set of concepts and principles that guide us in determining what behavior helps or harms sentient creatures? |
RICHARD WILLIAM PAUL AND LINDA ELDER |
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How legal and moral govern? |
Legal governs the external acts of man Moral governs the internal acts of man |
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What is the standard, criterion, test, rule, principle, or law by which one is distinguished from the other? |
NORM OF MORALITY |
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What is the essential elements/qualities of human act? |
KNOWLEDGE, FREEDOM, AND VOLUNTARINESS |
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What is physiological in nature? |
ACT OF MAN |
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What does AMORAL or MORALLY INDIFFERENT means? |
They are neither good nor bad for themselves. Eg. Sitting they can also be bad if it is forbidden by law |
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What does MORALLY ACCOUNTABLE mean? |
Actions that we can't control due to different circumstances. |
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What is used to determine whether a human act is morally good? |
DETERMINANTS OF MORALITY |
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What is the first determinant of Morality? |
THE OBJECT OF AN ACT |
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What is the second determinant of morality? |
THE END, OR THE PURPOSE OF AN ACT |
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What is the third determinant of morality? |
THE CIRCUMSTANCE OF AN ACTION |
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How is responsibility defined? |
It depends on the voluntariness present in an act. |
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What refers to the absence of intellectual knowledge or lack of knowledge? |
IGNORANCE |
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What are the two types of ignorance? |
VINCIBLE AND INVINCIBLE |
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What type of ignorance which one can still overcome through diligence of effort? |
VINCIBLE |
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What type of ignorance which one CANNOT overcome through diligence of effort? |
INVINCIBLE |
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What affects the voluntariness of an action? |
CONCUPISCENCE/PASSION |
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What is considered to be one of the most basic human emotions? |
FEAR |
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What do we call the response of our body whenever we feel FEAR? |
FIGHT OR FLIGHT |
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What is the extreme form of aggression, such as assault, rape, or murder? |
VIOLENCE |
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What are the acts with full knowledge and consent? |
PERFECT VOLUNTARINESS |
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What are the acts with partial or no perfect knowledge and consent? |
IMPERFECT VOLUNTARINESS |
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What is an act which is intended for its OWN SAKE, either as a means or an end? |
DIRECT VOLUNTARINESS |
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Which is an act which is NOT INTENDED for its own sake but which merely follows a regrettable consequence of a certain directly will like unintended killing of innocence due to military objective? |
INDIRECT VOLUNTARINESS |
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Who said that the world we lived in is a cosmos, an ordered, and harmonious whole? |
GREEK |
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Who evolved a concept of natural law which are not much different form the laws in the physical order of the universe? |
STOICS |
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What is referred to as "STILL SMALL VOICE WITHIN"? |
CONSCIENCE |
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What is a judgment of human reason concerning the moral goodness or evil of one's own action? |
CONSCIENCE |
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What is the other term used for Correct, Erroneous, and Delicate Conscience? |
TRUE FALSE TENDER |
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What is the CODE OF MORAL CONDUCT? |
Natural Law |
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What is the summary of the principles of the natural law? |
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS |
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What commandment in the 10 commandments is considered to be a divine positive law rather than a natural law? |
Third Commandment: "REMEMBER TO KEEP THE SABBATH DAY HOLY" |
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What are the three classifications of the precept of natural law? |
UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES IMMEDIATE CONCLUSIONS REMOTE CONCLUSIONS |
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What is the precept of natural law which is KNOWN BY ALL MEN? |
Universal Principles |
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What is the precept of natural law which is KNOWN BY ALL MEN APART FROM VERY EXTRAORDINARY CASES? |
Immediate Conclusions |
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What precept of natural law is deduced from the primary principles by means of PRACTICAL REASONING? |
Remote Conclusions |
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According to St. Thomas Aquinas, law can be unjust in two ways. What are these ways? |
1. CONTRARY TO THE COMMON GOOD 2. CONTRAVENE NATURAL AND DIVINE LAW |
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What are the two types of concupiscence? |
ANTECEDENT CONSEQUENT |
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What concupiscence occurs SPONTANEOUSLY? |
Antecedent |
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What type of concupiscence arises at the COMMAND or CONTINUES with the CONSENT OF THE WILL? |
Consequent |
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What is the first famous deontological theory? |
KANTIANISM CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE |
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Who said that HUMAN BEINGS OCCUPY SPECIAL PLACE IN CREATION? |
Immanuel Kant |
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Who said that there is an ULTIMATE COMMANDMENT from which all duties and obligations are derived? |
Immanuel Kant |
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What is the second famous deontological theory? |
Moral Absolutism |
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What theory believes that there are ABSOLUTE STANDARDS against which moral questions can be judged? |
MORAL ABSOLUTISM |
