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94 Cards in this Set
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Ability of the mind to think, understand, and form judgements by a process of logic |
Reason |
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Innate and exclusive human ability that utilizes new or existing information as bases to consciously make sense out of things while applying logic |
Reason |
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Associated with thinking, cognition, and intellect |
Reason |
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Manifesting objectivity |
Impartiality |
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Quality of being unbiased and objective in creating moral decisions |
Impartiality |
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4 methods of ethical reasoning |
Virtue Utilitarian Rights Justice |
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Analyzing using the value and character |
Virtue |
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The amount of good can be produced by decision |
Utilitarian |
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Right of a person must not cause any harm to other people and their rights |
Right |
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Distributing benefits and burdens equitably to acceptable rule |
Justice |
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It is oriented towards virtues and principles with consideration of consequences as a supporting role. This model is free from cultural, ethnic, and religious background and biases. |
Scott Rae's 7 steps to moral reasoning model |
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Ethical reasoning holds two roles in life |
Highlighting acts that enhance the well-being of other people Highlighting acts that harm the well-being of other people |
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Scott Rae's 7 steps to moral reasoning model |
1. Gather the facts 2. Determine the ethical issues 3. Determine what virtues/principles have a bearing on the case 4. List the alternatives 5. Compare the alternatives with the virtue/principle 6. Consider the consequences 7. Make decision
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Is the values, beliefs, behavior, and material objects that together form a people's way of life |
Culture |
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Types of culture |
Non-material culture Material culture |
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Intangible human creations |
Non-material culture |
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Tangible creations of a society |
Material culture |
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Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life. It is inability to read meanings in a new surroundings |
Culture shock |
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Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture |
Symbols |
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True or false Non-verbal gestures can be very symbolic and diverse |
True |
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A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another |
Language |
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Function of language |
Enhances communication Ensures continuity of culture Identifies societies or groups Determines how person is perceived by others |
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Are culturally defined standards by which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty and that serve as broad guidelines for social living. |
Values |
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Specific statements that people hold to be true |
Beliefs |
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The agreed-upon expectations and rules by which a culture guides the behavior of its members in any given situation |
Norms |
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Types of norms |
Proscriptive- should nots, prohibited Prescriptive- should's, prescribed like medicines |
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Often referred to as customs. They are standards of behavior that are socially approved but not morally significant. |
Folkways |
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True or false Breaking a folkway usually have a serious consequences |
False |
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True or false Folkways are norms for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of tradition or convenience |
True |
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Strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior. Are norms based on definitions of tight and wrong. |
Mores |
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True or false Unlike mores, folkways are morally significant |
False Should be unlike folkways |
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True or false Religious doctrines are example of mores |
True |
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A norm that society holds so strongly that violating it results in extreme disgust. |
Taboos |
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Formal body of rules enacted by the state and backed by the power of state |
Laws |
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True or false All taboos, mores and folkways are enacted to law |
False Taboos are, not all mores, and never to folkways |
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A body of rules of conduct of binding legal force and effect, prescribed, recognized, and enforced by a controlling authority |
Laws |
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A negative judgement we make about ourselves |
Guilt |
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The painful sense that others disapprove of our actions |
Shame |
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Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite |
High culture |
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Cultural patterns that are widespread among society's population |
Popular culture |
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Cultural patterns set apart some segment of society's population |
Subculture |
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Cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society |
Counterculture |
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Cultural changes in 3 ways |
Invention- creating new cultural elements Discovery - recognizing and understanding something already in existence Diffusion- spread of cultural traits from one society to another |
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The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture |
Ethnocentrism |
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The practice of judging a culture by its own standards |
Cultural relativism |
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The ability to understand a culture on its own terms and not to make judgements using the standards or own culture |
Cultural relativism |
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True or false Cultural relativism originated in the work of Franz Boaz in the early 19th century |
False Early 20th century |
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True or false Different societies have different moral codes but also have shared |
True |
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True or false The moral code of our society offers nothing special |
True |
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True or false We can critique our own customs |
False |
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True or false All customs of all cultures are morally equal |
True |
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True or false Cultural relativism warns us about the danger of assuming that all preferences are based on absolute rational standard |
True |
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Character is derived from the Greek word _____, which initially used as a mark impressed upon a coin |
Charaktêr |
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2 distinct of human excellences |
Excellences of thought Excellences of character |
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Refers to having or lacking moral virtue |
Moral character |
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True or false All acts help to build moral character |
False |
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Virtuous traits of character are called? |
Excellences of the human being |
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Who stated "it is not easy to define in rules which acts reserve moral praise" |
Aristotle |
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Particular kinds of properties or characteristics that objects can possess |
Dispositions |
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Is formed by one's action. |
Moral character |
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Ego psychologist who developed one of the most popular and influential theories of development |
Erik Erikson |
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This theory was based on what is known as the epigenetic principle. |
Erikson's theory of psychosocial development |
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During this stage the infant is uncertain about the world in which they live
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Infancy |
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The child is developing physically and becoming more mobile. Between the ages of 18 months and 3, children begin to assert their interdependence |
Early childhood |
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During this period the primary feature involves the child regularly interacting with other children at school. Central to this stage is play |
Middle childhood |
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Age 5-12 y/o, where they will be learning to read and write |
Late childhood |
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The transition from childhood to adulthood is important, aged 12-18 y/o |
Adolescence |
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In this stage we begin to share ourselves more intimately with others. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of love |
Adulthood |
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This stage is called the late adulthood stage, (66 and over) |
Senescence |
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7 stages of human development |
Infancy Early childhood Middle childhood Late childhood Adolescence Adulthood Senescence |
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3 determinants of morality |
The act The intention The circumstances |
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In accordance with the ______, the role of our emotions is for survival and innate social responsibilities |
Philosophy Professor Jordi Valverdu |
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In accordance with _____ and _____, the role of our emotions is primarily for survival of the species |
Dr. Simons and professor Valverdu |
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According to him there are three principles to consider in understanding the emotions as a response to an experience |
Charles Darwin |
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3 principles according to charles darwin |
The principle of functional habits The principle of antagonistic-thesis The principle of involvement of the enthused nervous system |
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States that emotional responses are useful expressive habits based on experience. |
The principle of functional habits |
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Entails that the purpose of this emotion responses is for communication clarity. |
The principle of antagonistic-thesis |
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The nervous system needs to discharge excess energy |
The principle of involvement of the enthused nervous system |
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The principle of detaching oneself from any form of bias and prejudice in order to come up with an objective criterion that is free from unfair and unequal treatment of one type of person to another |
Impartiality |
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Should we completely refrain from listening to our feelings? Why |
No |
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It says that good or bad are relative to culture |
Cultural relativism |
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True or false Cultural relativism holds that good means what is socially approved by the majority in given culture. |
True |
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They see morality as a product of culture and they view themselves as tolerant |
Cultural relativist |
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True or false There are ethical standards that are absolutely true and that apply or should be applied to the companies or societies |
False |
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People do in fact disagree in their moral beliefs . Cultures exhibit vastly different attitudes toward adultery, premarital sex, property ownership, violence, etc. Even the same moral tradition varies over time |
Diversity thesis |
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The thesis says that the rightness or wrongness of moral beliefs can be determined only in relation to the culture or moral tradition of the individuals who hold them. |
Relativity thesis |
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Refraining from using force to impose the moral beliefs, at most all that follows is that at least one of one's the moral beliefs of one's own culture of that other cultures. |
Toleration |
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It is often translated as moral virtues and moral excellence |
Ethikai aretai |
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Greek of ethical |
Ethikos |
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Greek word of character |
Ethos |
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Levels of Kohlberg's theory of moral development |
Level 1: pre-conventional Level 2: conventional Level 3: post-conventional |
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Stages of Kohlberg's theory of moral development |
Stage 1: obedience and punishment orientation (age 2-5) Stage 2: relativist orientation (age 5-7) Stage 3: good boy/nice girl orientation (age 7-13) Stage 4: law and order orientation (age 12-15) Stage 5: social contract orientation Stage 6: universal even ethical principle orientation (adulthood) |
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Value comes from the latin word _____, which means _____ |
Valere To be of worth |
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Virtues that guide us to take into account human element when one interacts with one other human being |
Human values |
