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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Atoms are composed of |
Protons , electrons, and neutrons |
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Protons |
Positively charged, equal to the electrons outside of the nucleus |
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Electrons |
Negatively charged, outermost shell can contain no more than 8 electrons. (are the lightest in mass) |
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Binding Energy |
amount of energy required to remove the electron from the atom. |
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Excitation |
Increase in electron energy that raises an electron to a higher energy level |
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Atomic number |
the number of protons in a nucleus |
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atomic mass number |
sum of protons and neutrons |
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Electromagnetic radiation |
Made up of photons, no mass or electrical charge. Can interact |
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f-factor |
the ratio between the number of Roentgens and the number of rads |
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Absorbed Dose |
Patient dose expressed in rad or gray |
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Rem |
Used in personnel radiation monitoring; occupational dose |
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Penumbra |
Area of dose gradient @ the edge of the beam, blurriness of visualized objects due to finite size; not affected by field size. |
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Gamma Rays |
Have the highest frequency and energy in the spectrum. Used in sterilization, CT scans, nuclear medicines, radiation therapy |
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Secondary radiation |
Primary radiation that is produced inside of an object |
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Scatter |
when xray interacts with an object and the direction is changed; Causes biologic changes |
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Xray tube |
3 components glass envelope cathode - negatively charged anode - positively charged |
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Bremstrahlung Radiation |
breaking radiation; electrons slow down to change direction |
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Characteristic Radiation |
collision of high speed electrons with the inner shells of an tungsten atom which knocks the electron out of the atom
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Inherent filters |
Filters naturally present inside of the beam; such as glass envelope, |
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Added Filters |
inserted to harden the beam by removing low energy x-rays |
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Thoreaus Filter |
filter of aluminum, copper and tin. aluminum is closer to the patient |
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transmission target |
used to transmit xrays with little attenuation; employ a cooling mechanism |
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beam flattening filter |
modifies the beam into a clinically useful beam |
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(NCRP) National Council on Radiation |
Make recommendations and develops standards, but they do not make regulations |
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USNRC (United states Nuclear Regulatory Commission |
Establishes regulations |
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Agreement states (CA,TX, PA, & MD) |
assume responsibility for enforcing the regulations specific to by product material |
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late effects |
effects that arises months or usually years after irradiation |
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Dose Response Relationships |
linear and sigmoidal |
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linear relationship |
assigned to leukemia induction and genetic effects |
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sigmoidal relationship |
considered to be characteristic of cataract formation, skin cancer, or epilation. local tissue effects |
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latent period |
time between irradiation and the appearance of the response |
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occupancy factor |
fraction of time an area is occupied |
