Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Sociology |
the study of societies and the social worlds that individuals inhabit within them.Sociology is not the study of individuals, but rather the study of how we livetogether, what it means to be human |
the way society interact in groups |
|
|
Stereotype |
making faulty generalizations aboutindividuals based on what we think we know about the group they are members of. |
Example – stereotype about poor people inAmerica is that they are lazy and refuse to work- data instead shows many poorpeople work more hours, but make very little money, keeping them from movingout of poverty. We must question ourassumptions |
|
|
Social Theory |
Analytical frameworks for understanding the social world |
|
|
|
Three Common themes |
- Whatis the nature of the individual and how does the individual act in the context of society? -Whatis the basis for social order and what holds societies together? - Whatare the circumstances or conditions under which societies change? |
|
|
|
Classical Social Theory Develops |
-Change from farming to industrial economies -Movement of people from rural areas to cities -Changing governments from monarchies to democracies - Decline of religious influence in public life |
In the late 19th andearly 20thcenturies see |
|
|
Karl Marx (1818-1883) |
A society’s economic system, and the relationships it creates between individuals and groups, is the defining feature of how that society works. Every society, except hunter/gatherers, produces an economic surplus. Who controls this surplus and how do they gain control of it? Tension between the groups (classes: groups sharing economic interests) who controlsurplus and those who do not can lead to conflicts and sometimes revolutions. |
One of the Founding Father |
|
|
The Communist Manifesto(1848), there are three modes of production |
Ancient Societies - based on slavery Feudalism - agrarian societies Capitalism - economies organized around market-based exchange |
Marx and Engels: Modes of Production |
|
|
Emile Durkheim (1857-1917) |
Development of the concept of the social fact His analysis of the roots of social solidarity His analysis of religion as a force in modern life |
Three main contributions |
|
|
Weber’s Typology of Social Action |
Instrumental Rationality: behavior oriented toward gaining orachieving a specific award Value Rationality: behavior guided by belief in someultimate value, regardless of rewards Affectual Motives: action that is guided by positive or negative emotions Traditional Motives: action guided by belief in following established traditions |
|
|
|
Georg Simmel (1858-1918) |
Social Distance: describing the importance of how close ordistant individuals in groups are, or groups themselves, are from each other Network Analysis: Term Simmelcame up with to describe the study of how individuals are connected to otherindividuals and the consequences of those connections Social Networks: people whoare tied together in ways they don't typically notice |
Networks |
|
|
The Souls of Black Folks(1903) |
W. E. B. Du Bois |
African Americans |
|
|
Robert Merton |
self-fulfilling prophecy: idea that if you start to think something will happen, it becomes more likely to happen the unanticipated consequences of social action: idea that outcomes of any action may be unanticipated |
|
|
|
Pierre Bourdieu |
economic capital - money and other economic assets. social capital - network of friends andacquaintances. Cultural capital - education, tastes, cultural knowledge and our ability to displaysophistication in speech, manners, and other everyday acts. Cultural Capital, just like economic and social capital, is used to confer higher orlower status in the eyes of others. Tastehelps maintain status boundaries between different groups. |
Theories about Capital |
|
|
Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) |
Theory of society in which individuals, groups, and the institutions of any societyare guided by an overarching social system. Structural Functionalist theory emphasizes that norms, values, and institutions arise andpersist because they prove to be good ways of maintaining social order |
|
|
|
Symbolic Interactionism |
Founders: George Herbert Mead and Herbert Blumer Socialorder starts from individuals and the meanings they give to objects, events,and relationships with others. It is through understanding everyday social interactions that both individual identities as well as societies are formed |
(Kind of the opposite of structural functionalism) |
|
|
Feminist Social Theory |
Simonede Beauvoir : one of first theorists to insist that gender and femininity are social constructions. Societiescreate gender categories, which are not natural outcomes of biological differences, and these gendered categories are translated into enduring inequalities between men and women |
|
|
|
Looking glass self |
Cooley 1902 thatmirror back to us the impressions we create. Ourown self-understandings are dependent on how others view us. Weare motivated by the approval of others. |
|
|
|
Quantitative Methods |
relies upon data that are statistical innature, includes surveys and in-depth interviews. |
Research Methods |
|
|
Qualitative Methods |
relies on words or detailed interviewswith informants, direct observations (ethnography), historical records, or even pictures as data |
Research Methods |
|
|
Ethical Standards for Sociological Research |
Professionaland scientific standards Competence Conflictsof interest Research planning, implementation, and dissemination Informed consent Confidentiality |
|
|
|
Influences How we think of Ourselves |
Significant Other: individuals close enough to us to have a strong capacity to motivate our behavior. Reference Groups: we reference others whose social positions and preferences makes them especially relevant to our ownsense of worth Role Models: particular individuals within a reference group who have a disproportionate influence over our behavior. Generalized Other: the social control exercised by commonsense understandings of what isappropriate in a specific time and place. |
|
|
|
Garfinkel |
Ethnomethodology- Lineof sociological inquiry that studies the tools and methods used by members of aparticular group to construct social order and make sense of their every day lives |
|
|
|
The Power of Norms and Rules |
Normsare basic, unwritten rules of society that tell us what is and is not appropriate to do in any situation and provide guidance for selecting coursesof action. Rulesare formal, explicit guidelines for behavior |
basic, unwritten rules of society |
|
|
Double Consciousness |
W. E. B. Du Bois – social structure imposes psychologicalcosts on the individual |
|
|
|
Reliability |
if the same measurement technique were used in another study, would the results be replicated |
|
|
|
Validity |
whether the measurement the researcher isusing is actually accurate. If the measurement reflects what the researcher is hoping to understand about the social world, the results are valid |
|
|
|
Social Structure |
Social structures in any society exert powerful influences over individuals and socialite reactions. They set limits on our choices and opportunities They enable and motivate us to do some things and not othersThey make some outcomes much more likely than others Social structures are powerful, enduring, and slow to change |
|
|
|
Scientific Method |
1. Formulate a research hypothesis 2. Predictthe relationship between the independent and dependent variables 3. Find existing data or collect new data 4. Analyze data 5. Draw conclusions |
|
