Midterm

Front 1

Cell

Back 1

Smallest unit of life

Front 2

DNA

Back 2

Contains instructions for development

Front 3

Metabolism

Back 3

Collectively, all of the chemical processes in a cell

Front 4

Producers

Back 4

Obtain energy from the sun

Front 5

Homeostasis

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Ability to maintain a constant internal environment

Front 6

Cells...

Back 6

In domains archaea and eubacteria lack nuclei

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Plants

Back 7

Multicellular producers

Front 8

Hypothesis

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Educated guess

Front 9

Science

Back 9

Based on evidence

Front 10

Philosophy

Back 10

Not a step in scientific method

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Atom

Back 11

Smallest unit of a substance which retains the properties of the substance

Front 12

Atom's nucleus

Back 12

Contains neutrons and protons (no electrons)

Front 13

Water

Back 13

Is a compound

Front 14

Polar

Back 14

Bond with unequal electron sharing

Front 15

Hydrolysis

Back 15

Chemical reaction that breaks large molecules apart by adding water

Front 16

Monosaccharides

Back 16

(Simple sugars) building blocks of carbohydrates

Front 17

Phospholipid

Back 17

Major component of cell membranes

Front 18

Amino acids

Back 18

Building blocks of proteins

Front 19

Peptide bonds

Back 19

Join amino acids together to form protein

Front 20

ATP

Back 20

Nucleotide closely associated with energy

Front 21

Cholesterol

Back 21

Not a carb but a lipid

Front 22

Mitochondria

Back 22

Associated with ATP production

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Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 23

May be smooth or rough

Front 24

Ribosomes

Back 24

Associated with protein production

Front 25

Golgi bodies

Back 25

Perform packaging got secretion

Front 26

Lysosome

Back 26

Contain digestive enzyme

Front 27

Plastids

Back 27

Perform photosynthesis (chloroplasts are plastids)

Front 28

Cell walls

Back 28

Are not found in every cell

Front 29

Ribosomes

Back 29

Are not bound by membranes

Front 30

ADP and PI

Back 30

Form when ATP gives up energy

Front 31

Reactant

Back 31

Equivalent to substrate (in an enzyme catalyzed reaction)

Front 32

Anabolic

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Means biosynthetic

Front 33

Key and lock...

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Is like enzyme and substrate

Front 34

Enzymes

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Are usually proteins

Front 35

Enzymes

Back 35

Are catalyst

Front 36

Concentration, temperature, and size...

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All effect the diffusion rate through a membrane

Front 37

Active transport

Back 37

Movement against a concentration gradient

Front 38

Active transport

Back 38

Require ATP

Front 39

Photosynthesis

Back 39

Require H2O and CO2

Front 40

Carbon...

Back 40

Enter the web of life via photosynthesis

Front 41

Chlorophyll

Back 41

Reflects the green wavelength of light

Front 42

Light

Back 42

Not required for light independent reactions

Front 43

Light-independent reactions were discovered by...

Back 43

Benson and Calvin

Front 44

Sun

Back 44

Ultimate source of energy for life on earth

Front 45

Aerobic respiration

Back 45

Liberates the most ATP energy from glucose

Front 46

Oxygen

Back 46

The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration

Front 47

Glucose is oxidized fully via this sequence

Back 47

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transfer (electron transport chain in mitochondria)

Front 48

Glycolysis

Back 48

Takes place in the cytoplasm and produces 2 pyruvates

Front 49

Two turns of the Krebs cycle...

Back 49

Is required to fully oxidize glucose

Front 50

Yeast fermentation

Back 50

Produces ethanol and CO2

Front 51

Lactate

Back 51

Is produced by muscles in an anaerobic condition

Front 52

Krebs cycle

Back 52

Can use proteins and fats as energy sources

Front 53

Chromosomes

Back 53

Replicate during interphase (the S period)

Front 54

Diploid means...

Back 54

The cell has two sets of genetic information (paired chromosomes)

Front 55

Nuclear membrane

Back 55

Breaks apart during prophase

Front 56

Spindle apparatus

Back 56

Becomes visible during prophase

Front 57

Chromosomes

Back 57

Align at the spindle equator during metaphase

Front 58

Chromosomes

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Detach and move apart during anaphase

Front 59

Nuclear membrane

Back 59

Reforms during telophase

Front 60

Mitosis sequence

Back 60

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Front 61

Asexually produced daughter cells

Back 61

Are identical to each other (and to the mother cell)

Front 62

By meiosis

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A parent cell with 16 chromosomes produce daughter cells with 8 chromosomes

Front 63

Meiosis

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Typically produce 4 haploid cells

Front 64

Crossing over and pairing of homologous...

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Usually occur during prophase I

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Gametes

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Are sex cells

Front 66

Meiosis II

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Resembles mitosis

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Alleles

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Various forms of genes

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Aa, aa, bb, bb, and cc

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Are all homozygous genotypes

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Recessive genes

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Disappear in F1 plants (according to Mendel)

Front 70

Genes

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Located on chromosomes and sort independently during meiosis

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Xx

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Normal human female

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Xy

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Normal human male

Front 73

Genes on the same chromosome

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Form a linkage group

Front 74

Amniocentesis

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Involves sampling fetal cells floating in amniotic fluid

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Adenine

Back 75

Pairs with thymine

Front 76

Guanine

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Pairs with cytosine

Front 77

Purines (double ring base)

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Pair with pyrimidines (one ring bases)

Front 78

Watson and Crick

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Proposed, explained, and established much current knowledge of DNA

Front 79

DNA is compared to...

Back 79

A ladder in terms of its shape

Front 80

DNA replication

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Is semiconservative

Front 81

DNA

Back 81

Usually double stranded

Front 82

RNA

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Usually single stranded

Front 83

3 types of RNA

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Are required to make protein

Front 84

Messenger RNA

Back 84

Carries the code from DNA to ribosome

Front 85

TRNA

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Carries amino acids to ribosomes

Front 86

Thymine

Back 86

Is not found in RNA

Front 87

Ribose

Back 87

Is not found in DNA

Front 88

Transcription

Back 88

Synthesis of RNA from DNA

Front 89

Each unit of the genetic code

Back 89

Is made of three nucleotides

Front 90

20 different amino acids in

Back 90

Protein

Front 91

Ribosomes function

Back 91

As two-part units

Front 92

TRNA

Back 92

Contains the anticodon

Front 93

Mutations

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Can be harmful, beneficial, or neutral.

Can occur in any organism (often random)

Can be caused by environmental factors

Can be heritable

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Mutation

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Is a change in nucleotide sequence in DNA

Front 95

Differentiation

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Identical cells become functionally distinct (i.e., different)

Front 96

New gene combinations

Back 96

Arise through sexual reproduction by the process of crossing over

Arise through mutations

Arise through exchange of genes between different species

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Plasmids

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Small circles of DNA

Front 98

Restriction enzymes

Back 98

Used to cut DNA

Front 99

RNA can manufacture DNA

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Via the action of reverse transcriptase

Front 100

Most primitive fossils

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Are the geologically deepest

Front 101

Charles Darwin

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Sailed to Galapagos Islands

Front 102

Natural selection

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Based on variation in population

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Populations

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Can evolve

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New alleles

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Arise from mutation

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Neutral mutations

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Cause no harm and bring no benefit

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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

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Is encouraged by "no gene flow" between populations

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Founder effect induced by...

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Introducing a few members of a new species to an island

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Bottleneck effect

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Sharp reduction in a gene pool

Front 109

Fossils record is incomplete due to...

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Geologic destruction, infrequent formation, no soft tissues, et al

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The bed of former shallow sea

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Will be rich in fossils

Front 111

Species

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Is composed of populations that have the potential to produce fertile offspring if interbred

Front 112

Species

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Is the grouping with the most closely related members; same species share the same gene pool

Front 113

Influence of genetic drift increases...

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As the population size decreases (it can have a big effect in a small population )

Front 114

Immigration

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Would have no effect on a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if the new members were beyond the age of reproduction

Front 115

Differential survival

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Not a characteristic of a nonevolving population

Front 116

Fossils include

Back 116

Seeds, shells, skeletons, tracks. Etc

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Big Bang

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Refers to the start of the universe

Front 118

Free oxygen

Back 118

Inhibit the formation of organic compounds like nucleotides(they're unlikely to assemble within striking distance if O2)

Front 119

Layers of clay

Back 119

Can serve as templates for the synthesis of protein

Front 120

Oldest fossils

Back 120

Are about 3.8 billion years old

Front 121

Eubacteria

Back 121

Are not part of domain eukarya

Front 122

Very little oxygen

Back 122

In earth's early atmosphere

Front 123

Plasmids

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Self producing circles of DNA found in bacteria -they're useful to both bacteria and bio technology

Front 124

Different bacteria obtain energy in different ways

Back 124

Photosynthetic, chemosynthetic, and heterotrophic

Front 125

Bacteria

Back 125

Reproduces asexually by prokaryotic fission

Front 126

To identify bacteria

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One identifies their nucleotide sequences

Front 127

When nutrients are scarce

Back 127

Some bacteria form endospores

Front 128

E. Coli

Back 128

Normal inhabitant of the human intestinal tract and produces vitamin K

Front 129

Retro virus

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Will contain RNA instead of DNA

Front 130

Infectious proteins are called

Back 130

Prions

Front 131

Neither viruses or viroid are

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Cells

Front 132

All fungi

Back 132

Perform extra cellular digestion (no fungus is autotrophic)

Front 133

Lichen

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Is made of a fungus and an autotroph

Front 134

Most important algal contribution to the lichen...

Back 134

Is food (from photosynthesis)

Front 135

Lichens are unable to grow in

Back 135

Polluted areas