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1.Neurosurgeons have severed the corpus callosum in human patients in order to reduce
epileptic seizures.
2.A segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a specific protein is called a
gene.
3.The nineteenth-century theory that bumps on the skull reveal a person's abilities and traits is called
phrenology.
4.Professor Seif conducts research on the relationship between the limbic system and sexual motivation. Her research interests best represent the psychological speciality known as
biological psychology.
5.The ability to recognize faces with the right hemisphere but not with the left hemisphere best illustrates
lateralization.
6.Severing a cat's reticular formation from higher brain regions causes the cat to A) become violently aggressive
lapse into a coma.
7.Put the following terms in order, from smallest to largest.
genes, DNA, chromosomes
8.Addictive drug cravings are likely to be associated with reward centers in the
limbic system.
9.Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?
thalamus
10.The genome is the complete
set of genetic material in an organism's chromosomes.
11.The capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known as brain
plasticity.
12.Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of
natural selection.
13.Studies of identical twins who had been reared apart most clearly highlight the importance of ________ in personality development.
genetic predispositions
14.According to evolutionary psychologists, behaviors that promote reproductive success are likely to be
genetically predisposed.
15.The sensory cortex is most critical for our sense of
touch
16.Fraternal twins originate from the fertilization of
two egg cells by two sperm cells.
17.After he suffered a stroke, Mr. Santore's physical coordination skills and responsiveness to sensory stimulation quickly returned to normal. Unfortunately, however, he began to experience unusual difficulty figuring out how to find his way to various locations in his neighborhood. It is most likely that Mr. Santore suffered damage to his
association areas.
18.Compared with identical twins, fraternal twins are
less likely to be the same sex and less likely to be similar in extraversion.
19.Split-brain patients have had their ________ surgically cut.
corpus callosum
20.Which neural center in the limbic system plays a central role in emotions such as aggression and fear?
amygdala
21.Women are most likely to be sexually attracted to men who seem A) shy and reserved.
mature and affluent.
22.Assessing the relative effects of nature and nurture on individual differences in personality would be of most direct interest to
behavior geneticists.
23.Heritability refers to the extent to which
trait differences among individuals are attributable to genetic variations.
24.Which kind of researcher is most likely to examine chromosomal differences between a fraternal twin who experiences a learning disability and one who doesn't?
molecular geneticist
25.Your friend is taking her first psychology class. She comes to you saying, “I don't understand why we are studying the brain; I thought this was a psychology class.” Because of your background in psychology, your best response should be
“Everything psychological is simultaneously biological.”
26.The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem is called the
cerebellum.
27.The association areas are located in the
cerebral cortex.
28.According to evolutionary psychologists, behaviors that promote reproductive success are likely to be
genetically predisposed.
29.A PET scan of a patient looking at a photograph of a painting would most likely indicate high levels of activity in which brain structure?
occipital lobes
30.Evolutionary psychologists emphasize that environmentally adaptive behaviors are those that have promoted
reproductive success.
31.The reproductive advantage enjoyed by organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as
natural selection.
32.Which of the following structures in the brainstem helps coordinate movements and lies above the medulla?
pons
33.Which brain area is primarily involved with understanding and producing meaningful speech?
Wernicke's area
34.Physical exercise and exposure to stimulating environments are most likely to promote
neurogenesis.
35.The occipital lobes are to ________ as the temporal lobes are to ________.
seeing; hearing
36.A brain lesion refers to ________ of brain tissue.
destruction
37.Which lobes of the brain receive the input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back?
parietal
38.Your conscious awareness of your own name and self-identity depends primarily on the normal functioning of your
cerebral cortex.39.
Dendrites are branching extensions of
neurons.
40.In creating more effective treatments for pain, researchers would use which of the following techniques for identifying regions of the brain that handle pain?
functional MRI (fMRI)
41.The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionarily oldest to newest is
brainstem; limbic system; cerebral cortex.
42.An axon is
the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.
43.The movement of positively charged ions across the membrane of a neuron can produce a(n)
action potential.
44.The neural system located at the border between the brainstem and the cerebral hemispheres is known as the
limbic system.
45.The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior and personality traits is known as
behavior genetics.
46.Resting potential is to action potential as ________ is to ________.
polarization; depolarization
47.With regard to the process of neural transmission, a refractory period refers to a time interval in which
dendrites transmit more electrical signals to axons.
48.An all-or-none response pattern is characteristic of the
initiation of neural impulses.
49.Sir Charles Sherrington observed that impulses took more time to travel a neural pathway than he might have anticipated. His observation provided evidence for the existence of
synaptic gaps.
50.Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that travel across the
synaptic gap.
51.Prozac, a drug commonly prescribed to treat depression, prevents the sending neuron from taking in excess serotonin. Which process does this drug prevent from taking place?
reuptake
52.Opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as
endorphins.
53.An undersupply of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter known as ________ is linked to seizures
GABA
54.Alzheimer's disease is most closely linked to the deterioration of neurons that produce
acetylcholine.
55.The master gland of the endocrine system is the
pituitary gland.
56.Motor neurons are an important part of the
peripheral nervous system.
57.The peripheral nervous system is to sensory neurons as the central nervous system is to
interneurons.
58.Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into
the bloodstream.
59.Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the
adrenal glands.
60.\The tremors of Parkinson's disease result from the death of nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter
dopamine.
61.A person with schizophrenia may have an overactive dopamine system. Drugs used to treat this disorder prevent the action of dopamine by keeping it from binding to its receptors. These drugs are
antagonists.
62.The body's speedy, electrochemical information system is called the
nervous system.
1. Which of the following best describes the hindsight bias?
Events seem more predictable after they have occurred.
2. Juwan eagerly opened an online trading account, believing that his market savvy would allow him to pick stocks that would make him a rich day trader. This belief best illustrates
overconfidence.
3. To say that “psychology is a science” means that
psychologists study thoughts and actions with an attitude of skepticism and derive their conclusions from direct observations.
4. The scientific attitude of skepticism is based on the belief that
ideas need to be tested against observable evidence.
5. Theories are defined as
principles that help to organize, predict, and explain facts.
6. You decide to test your belief that men drink more soft drinks than women by finding out whether more soft drinks are consumed per day in the men's dorm than in the women's dorm. Your belief is a(n) ________, and your research prediction is a(n) ________.
theory; hypothesis
7. Which of the following is not a basic research strategy used by psychologists?
replication
8. To ensure that other researchers can repeat their work, psychologists use
operational definitions.
9. After detailed study of a gunshot wound victim, a psychologist concludes that the brain region destroyed is likely to be important for memory functions. Which research strategy did the psychologist use to deduce this?
the case study
10. One reason researchers base their findings on representative samples is to avoid the false consensus effect, which refers to our tendency to
make all of the above reasoning errors.
11. Well-done surveys measure attitudes in a representative subset, or ________, of an entire group, or ________.
random sample; population
12. A professor constructs a questionnaire to determine how students at the university feel about nuclear disarmament. Which of the following techniques should be used in order to survey a random sample of the student body?
From an alphabetical listing of all students, every tenth (or fifteenth, e.g.) student should be asked to complete the questionnaire.
13. A psychologist studies the play behavior of third-grade children by watching groups during recess at school. Which research strategy is being used?
naturalistic observation
14. Which type of research strategy would allow you to determine whether students' college grades accurately predict later income?
correlation
15. A researcher was interested in determining whether her students' test performance could be predicted from their proximity to the front of the classroom. So she matched her students' scores on a math test with their seating position. This study is an example of
correlational research.
16. If shoe size and IQ are negatively correlated, which of the following is true?
People with small feet tend to have high IQs.
17. Illusory correlation refers to
the perception of a correlation between two unrelated variables.
18. Which of the following procedures is an example of the use of a placebo?
In a test of the effects of a drug on memory, a participant is led to believe that a harmless pill actually contains an active drug.
19. In an experiment to determine the effects of exercise on motivation, exercise is the
independent variable.
20. The procedure designed to ensure that the experimental and control groups do not differ in any way that might affect the experiment's results is called
random assignment
21. The concept of control is important in psychological research because
experimental control allows researchers to study the influence of one or two independent variables on a dependent variable while holding other potential influences constant.
22. Rashad, who is participating in a psychology experiment on the effects of alcohol on perception, is truthfully told by the experimenter that he has been assigned to the “high-dose condition.” What is wrong with this experiment?
Rashad's expectations concerning the effects of “high doses” of alcohol on perception may influence his performance and Knowing that Rashad is in the “high-dose” condition may influence the experimenter's interpretations of Rashad's results.
23. In order to determine the effects of a new drug on memory, one group of people is given a pill that contains the drug. A second group is given a sugar pill that does not contain the drug. This second group constitutes the
control group.
24. What is the mode of the following distribution
8, 2, 1, 1, 3, 7, 6, 2, 0, 2?
2
25. What is the mean of the following distribution of scores
2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 4, 6, 9, 1, 4?
6
26. Bob scored 43 out of 70 points on his psychology exam. He was worried until he discovered that most of the class earned the same score. Bob's score was equal to the
mode.
27. What is the median of the following distribution
10, 7, 5, 11, 8, 6, 9?
8
28. Which of the following is the measure of variation that is most affected by extreme scores?
range
29. A lopsided set of scores that includes a number of extreme or unusual values is said to be
skewed.
30. Esteban refuses to be persuaded by an advertiser's claim that people using their brand of gasoline average 50 miles per gallon. His decision probably is based on
the possibility that the average is the mean, which could be artificially inflated by a few extreme scores, the absence of information about the size of the sample studied, the absence of information about the variation in sample scores.
31. In generalizing from a sample to the population, it is important that
the sample be representative.
32. The football team's punter wants to determine how consistent his punting distances have been during the past season. He should compute the
standard deviation.
33. Dr. Salazar recently completed an experiment in which she compared reasoning ability in a sample of females and a sample of males. The means of the female and male samples equaled 21 and 19, respectively, on a 25-point scale. A statistical test revealed that her results were not statistically significant. What can Dr. Salazar conclude?
The difference in the means of the two samples is probably due to chance variation.
34. Which statement about the ethics of experimentation with people and animals is false?
Animals are used as subjects in almost 25 percent of all psychology experiments.
35. Psychologists' personal values
can bias both scientific observation and interpretation of data.
36. The Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was
Plato.
37. The fourth-century scholar who anticipated health psychology's focus on mind-body interactions was
Augustine.
38. Which seventeenth-century philosopher believed that some ideas are innate?
Descartes
39. The philosophical views of John Locke are to those of René Descartes as ________ is to ________.
nurture; nature
40. Francis Bacon's ideas led most directly to the scholarly view known as
empiricism.
41. The seventeenth-century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience is
Locke.
43. Who introduced the early school of structuralism?
Edward Titchener
44. The psychological views of William James are to those of Edward Titchener as ________ is to ________.
functionalism; structuralism
45. Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of
philosophy and biology.
46. Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, “Psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed”?
John B. Watson
47. In defining psychology, the text notes that psychology is most accurately described as a
way of asking and answering questions.
48. To say that “psychology is a science” means that
psychologists approach the study of thoughts and actions with careful observation and rigorous analysis
49. Dr. Ramirez is studying whether emotionally reactive infants tend to become emotionally reactive adults. Dr. Ramirez's research illustrates the ________ issue in psychology.
stability versus change
50. Which perspective emphasizes the learning of observable responses?
behavioral
51. The psychological perspective that places the most emphasis on how observable responses are learned is the ________ perspective
behavioral
52. Psychologists who study the degree to which genes influence our personality are working within the ________ perspective.
behavior genetics
53. During a dinner conversation, a friend says that the cognitive and behavioral perspectives are quite similar. You disagree and point out that the cognitive perspective emphasizes ________, whereas the behavioral perspective emphasizes ________.
conscious processes; observable responses
54. A psychologist who explores how Asian and North American definitions of attractiveness differ is working within the ________ perspective
social-cultural
55. The way the mind encodes, processes, stores, and retrieves information is the primary concern of the ________ perspective.
cognitive
56. Concerning the major psychological perspectives on behavior, the text author suggests that
the different perspectives often complement one another; together, they provide a fuller understanding of behavior than provided by any single perspective.
57. A psychologist who studies how worker productivity might be increased by changing office layout is engaged in ________ research.
applied
58. Which subfield is most directly concerned with studying human behavior in the workplace?
industrial-organizational psychology
59. A psychologist who conducts experiments solely intended to build psychology's knowledge base is engaged in
basic research.
60. Which of the following individuals is also a physician?
psychiatristt
61. Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called
clinical psychologists.
62. Today, psychology is a discipline that
connects with a diversity of other fields.
Andrew's grandfather, who has lived a rich and productive life, is a spontaneous, loving, and self-accepting person. Maslow might say that he
is a self-actualizing person.
A psychoanalyst would characterize a person who is impulsive and self-indulgent as possessing a strong ________ and a weak ________.
id; superego
According to Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote growth in personality. These are
genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.
Which of the following is the correct order of psychosexual stages proposed by Freud?
oral; anal; phallic; latency; genital
In studying personality, a trait theorist would most likely
use a personality inventory.
The school psychologist believes that having a positive self-concept is necessary before students can achieve their potential. Evidently, he is working within the ___ perspective.
humanistic
Which of the following was not mentioned in the text as a criticism of Freud's theory?
There is no evidence of anything like an "unconscious."
Dr. Gonzalez believes that most students can be classified as "Type A" or "Type B" according to the intensities of their personalities and competitiveness. Evidently, Dr. Gonzalez is working within the ________ perspective.
trait
Which of the following is a common criticism of the humanistic perspective?
Its concepts are vague and subjective, The emphasis on the self encourages selfishness in individuals, Humanism fails to appreciate the reality of evil in human behavior
A psychologist at the campus mental health center administered an empirically derived personality test to diagnose an emotionally troubled student. Which test did the psychologist most likely administer?
the MMPI
Which of the following is a major criticism of the social-cognitive perspective?
It focuses too little on the inner traits of a person
The Big Five personality factors are
emotional stability, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness.
Suzy bought a used, high-mileage automobile because it was all she could afford. Attempting to justify her purchase, she raves to her friends about the car's attractiveness, good acceleration, and stereo. According to Freud, Suzy is using the defense mechanism of
rationalization
James attributes his failing grade in chemistry to an unfair final exam. His attitude exemplifies
the self-serving bias.
According to Freud's theory, personality arises in response to conflicts between
our biological impulses and the social restraints against them.
According to Freud, defense mechanisms are methods of reducing
anxiety
With which of the following statements would a social-cognitive psychologist agree?
People with an internal locus of control achieve more in school
For humanistic psychologists, many of our attitudes and behaviors are ultimately shaped by whether our ________ is ________ or ________.
self-concept; positive; negative
The humanistic perspective on personality
emphasizes the growth potential of "healthy" individuals.
The ________ classifies people according to Carl Jung's personality types
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
The Oedipus and Electra complexes have their roots in the
phallic stage.
Nadine has a relatively low level of brain arousal. Trait theorists would probably predict that she is
an extravert.
In promoting personality growth, the person-centered perspective emphasizes all but
altruism.
The personality test Teresa is taking involves her describing random patterns of dots. What type of test is she taking?
a projective test
During a class discussion, Trevor argues that the recent "positive psychology" is sure to wane in popularity, since it suffers from the same criticisms as humanistic psychology. You counter his argument by pointing out that, unlike humanistic psychology, positive psychology
is rooted in science.
Which of the following places the greatest emphasis on the unconscious mind?
the psychoanalytic perspective
Research on locus of control indicates that internals are ________ than externals
better able to cope with stress
Isaiah is sober and reserved; Rashid is fun-loving and affectionate. The Eysencks would say that Isaiah ________ and Rashid ________.
is an introvert; is an extravert
Which two dimensions of personality have the Eysencks emphasized?
extraversion–introversion and emotional stability–instability
Regarding the self-serving bias, humanistic psychologists have emphasized that self-affirming thinking
is generally adaptive to the individual because it maintains self-confidence and minimizes depression.
Compared to those in collectivist cultures, people in individualist cultures
are less geographically bound to elderly parents, tend to be lonelier, are more vulnerable to stress-related disease
A major criticism of trait theory is that it
overestimates the consistency of behavior in different situations.
Jill has a biting, sarcastic manner. According to Freud, she is
fixated in the oral stage of development.
Recent research has provided more support for defense mechanisms such as ________ than for defense mechanisms such as ________.
reaction formation; sublimation
Which perspective on personality emphasizes the interaction between the individual and the environment in shaping personality
social-cognitive
A major difference between the psychoanalytic and trait perspectives is that
trait theory defines personality in terms of behavior; psychoanalytic theory, in terms of its underlying dynamics, trait theory describes behavior but does not attempt to explain it, psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the origins of personality in childhood sexuality
Being fed up with your cultural background, you decide to move to a culture that places greater value on maintaining social harmony and family identity. To which of the following countries should you move?
Japan
Which of the following groups tends to suffer from relatively low self-esteem?
A) women B) ethnic minorities C) disabled persons D) all of the above E) none of the above
Because Ramona identifies with her politically conservative parents, she chose to enroll in a conservative college. After four years in this environment Ramona's politics have become even more conservative. Which perspective best accounts for the mutual influences of Ramona's upbringing, choice of school, and political viewpoint?
social-cognitive
An example of the self-serving bias described in the text is the tendency of people to
see themselves as better than average on nearly any desirable dimension, accept more responsibility for successes than failures.
Which of Freud's ideas would not be accepted by most contemporary psychologists?
Development is essentially fixed in childhood.
Neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney believed that
Freud placed too great an emphasis on sexual and aggressive instincts.
Because you have a relatively low level of brain arousal, a trait theorist would suggest that you are a(n) ________ who would naturally seek ________.
extravert; stimulation
In high school, Britta and Debbie were best friends. They thought they were a lot alike, as did everyone else who knew them. After high school, they went on to very different colleges, careers, and life courses. Now, at their twenty-fifth reunion, they are shocked at how little they have in common. Bandura would suggest that their differences reflect the interactive effects of environment, personality, and behavior, which he refers to as
reciprocal determinism.
According to the psychoanalytic perspective, a child who frequently "slips" and calls her teacher "mom" probably
has some unresolved conflicts concerning her mother.
Individualist cultures
emphasize personal achievement and identity.
Wanda wishes to instill in her children an accepting attitude toward other people. Maslow and Rogers would probably recommend that she
teach her children first to accept themselves.
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a(n)
empirically derived and objective personality test.
Dayna is not very consistent in showing up for class and turning in assignments when they are due. Research studies would suggest that Dayna's inconsistent behavior
is not necessarily unusual
The text defines personality as
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Id is to ego as ________ is to ________.
pleasure principle; reality principle
Collectivist cultures
A) give priority to the goals of their groups. B) value the maintenance of social harmony. C) foster social interdependence. D) are characterized by none of the above. E) are characterized by a., b., and c.
According to Freud, ________ is the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their ________.
identification; superegos
Which of the following statements about self-esteem is not correct?
People with low self-esteem tend to be nonconformists.
Bill is muscular and physically strong. Sheldon would classify him as a(n)
mesomorphic type.
Projective tests such as the Rorschach inkblot test have been criticized because
they have low reliability and low validity
In studying personality, a social-cognitive theorist would most likely make use of
observing behavior in different situations
Trait theory attempts to
describe and classify people in terms of their predispositions to behave in certain ways.
Seligman has found that humans and animals who are exposed to aversive events they cannot escape may develop
learned helplessness.
Recent research on the Big Five personality factors provides evidence that
some tendencies decrease during adulthood, while others increase.
For his class presentation, Bruce plans to discuss the Big Five personality factors used by people throughout the world to describe others or themselves. Which of the following is not a factor that Bruce will discuss?
independence
Research has shown that individuals who are made to feel insecure are subsequently
more critical of othersWith regard to personality, it appears that
there is little consistency of behavior from one situation to the next but significant consistency of traits over the life span.
At your high school reunion you cannot remember the last name of your homeroom teacher. Your failure to remember is most likely the result of
retrieval failure.
Which of the following is the best example of a flashbulb memory?
remembering what you were doing the day high school students were killed in Littleton, Colorado
Lewis cannot remember the details of the torture he experienced as a prisoner of war. According to Freud, Lewis's failure to remember these painful memories is an example of
repression.
Which of the following measures of retention is the least sensitive in triggering retrieval?
recall
The three–stage processing model of memory was proposed by
Atkinson and Shifrin.
Which of the following illustrates the constructive nature of memory?
Although elderly Mrs. Harvey, who has Alzheimer's disease, has many gaps in her memory, she invents sensible accounts of her activities so that her family will not worry.
During basketball practice Jan's head was painfully elbowed. If the trauma to her brain disrupts her memory, we would expect that Jan would be most likely to forget
the name of the play during which she was elbowed.
When he was 8 years old, Frank was questioned by the police about a summer camp counselor suspected of molesting children. Even though he was not, in fact, molested by the counselor, today 19–year–old Frank "remembers" the counselor touching him inappropriately. Frank's false memory is an example of which "sin" of memory?
suggestibility
Studies of amnesics suggest that
there are two distinct types of memory. .
Which of the following terms does NOT belong with the others?
blocking
Echoic memories fade after approximately
3 to 4 seconds.
Brenda has trouble remembering her new five–digit ZIP plus four–digit address code. What is the most likely explanation for the difficulty Brenda is having?
Nine digits are at or above the upper limit of most people's short–term memory capacity.
Darren was asked to memorize a list of letters that included v, q, y, and j. He later recalled these letters as e, u, i, and k, suggesting that the original letters had been encoded
acoustically.
Memory techniques such as the method of loci, acronyms, and the peg–word system are called
mnemonic devices.
To help him remember the order of ingredients in difficult recipes, master chef Giulio often associates them with the route he walks to work each day. Giulio is using which mnemonic technique?
the method of loci
The misinformation effect provides evidence that memory
may be reconstructed during recall according to how questions are framed.
Kandel and Schwartz have found that when learning occurs, more of the neurotransmitter ________ is released into synapses
serotonin
It is easier to recall information that has just been presented when the information
is heard rather than seen.
Amnesic patients typically experience disruption of
explicit memories.
Which area of the brain is most important in the processing of implicit memories?
cerebellum
The concept of working memory is analogous to a computer's
random–access (RAM) memory..
Which of the following was NOT recommended as a strategy for improving memory?
speed reading
The spacing effect means that
distributed study yields better retention than cramming. .
The disruption of memory caused by excessive consumption of alcohol provides evidence for the importance of
neurotransmitters in the formation of new memories.
According to the serial position effect, when recalling a list of words you should have the greatest difficulty with those
in the middle of the list.
One way to increase the amount of information in memory is to group it into larger, familiar units. This process is referred to as
chunking.
Which of the following has been proposed as a neurophysiological explanation of infantile amnesia?
The slow maturation of the hippocampus leaves the infant's brain unable to store images and events.
Visual sensory memory is referred to as
iconic memory.
In Sperling's memory experiment, subjects were shown three rows of three letters, followed immediately by a low–, medium–, or high–pitched tone. The subjects were able to report
any one of the three rows of letters.
According to memory researcher Daniel Schacter, blocking occurs when
information is on the tip of our tongue, but we can't get it out.
Complete this analogy
Fill–in–the–blank test questions are to multiple–choice questions as
recall is to recognition.
PET scans taken when a person is truly or falsely recalling a word reveal different patterns of activity in an area of the
left temporal lobe.
Memory researchers are suspicious of long–repressed memories of traumatic events that are "recovered" with the aid of drugs or hypnosis because
such experiences usually are vividly remembered, such memories are unreliable, and easily influenced by misinformation, memories of events happening before about age 3 are especially unreliable.
When Gordon Bower presented subjects with words grouped by category or in random order, recall was
better for the categorized words.
Long–term potentiation refers to
the increased efficiency of synaptic transmission between certain neurons following learning.
After finding her old combination lock, Janice can't remember its combination because she keeps confusing it with the combination of her new lock. She is experiencing
retroactive interference.
Being in a bad mood after a hard day of work, Susan could think of nothing positive in her life. This is best explained as an example of
mood–congruent memory
The process of getting information out of memory storage is called
retrieval.
Textbook chapters are often organized into ________ in order to facilitate information processing
hierarchies
In an effort to remember the name of the classmate who sat behind her in fifth grade, Martina mentally recited the names of other classmates who sat near her. Martina's effort to refresh her memory by activating related associations is an example of
priming.
In a study on context cues, people learned words while on land or when they were underwater. In a later test of recall, those with the best retention had
learned the words and been tested on them in the same context.
Which of the following sequences would be best to follow if you wanted to minimize interference–induced forgetting in order to improve your recall on the psychology midterm?
study, sleep, test
Walking through the halls of his high school 10 years after graduation, Tom experienced a flood of old memories. Tom's experience showed the role of
context effects.
When Carlos was promoted, he moved into a new office with a new phone extension. Every time he is asked for his phone number, Carlos first thinks of his old extension, illustrating the effects of
proactive interference.
Amnesics typically have experienced damage to the ________ of the brain
hippocampus
The eerie feeling of having been somewhere before is an example of
deja vu.
Repression is an example of
motivated forgetting.
Which of the following best describes the typical forgetting curve?
a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter
Craik and Tulving had subjects process words visually, acoustically, or semantically. In a subsequent recall test, which type of processing resulted in the greatest retention?
semantic
Information is maintained in short–term memory only briefly unless it is
rehearsed. .
The three steps in memory information processing are
encoding, storage, retrieval.
After suffering damage to the hippocampus, a person would probably
lose the ability to store new facts.
Our short–term memory span is approximately ________ items.
7
Research on memory construction reveals that memories
reflect a person's biases and assumptions.
Studies by Loftus and Palmer, in which subjects were quizzed about a film of an accident, indicate that
subjects' recall may easily be affected by misleading information.
Lashley's studies, in which rats learned a maze and then had various parts of their brains surgically removed, showed that the memory
remained no matter which area of the brain was tampered with.
The first thing Karen did when she discovered that she had misplaced her keys was to re–create in her mind the day's events. That she had little difficulty in doing so illustrates
automatic processing.
Elderly Mr. Flanagan can easily recall his high school graduation, but he cannot remember the name of the president of the United States. Evidently, Mr. Flanagan's ________ memory is better than his ________ memory.
episodic; semantic
Which of the following is NOT a measure of retention?
retrieval
Although you can't recall the answer to a question on your psychology midterm, you have a clear mental image of the textbook page on which it appears. Evidently, your ________ encoding of the answer was ________.
visual; automatic
Memory for skills is called
implicit memory.
Hypnotically "refreshed" memories may prove inaccurate—especially if the hypnotist asks leading questions—because of
memory construction.
Craik and Watkins gave subjects a list of words to be recalled. When subjects were tested after a delay, the items that were best recalled were those
at the beginning of the list.
Jenkins and Dallenbach found that memory was better in subjects who were ________ during the retention interval, presumably because ________ was reduced.
asleep; interference
Studies demonstrate that learning causes permanent neural changes in the ________ of animals' neurons
synapses
As defined by the text, consciousness includes which of the following?
daydreaming, sleeping, and hypnosis
"Consciousness" is defined in the text as
our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
Concluding his presentation on levels of information processing, Miguel states that
conscious processing is serial, while subconscious processing is parallel
Which of the following statements concerning daydreaming is true?
Most daydreaming involves the familiar details of our everyday lives.
As a child, Jane enjoyed intense make–believe play with dolls, stuffed animals, and imaginary companions. As an adult, she spends an unusually large amount of time fantasizing. She is sometimes uncertain whether an event was real or imagined. A psychologist would most likely describe Jane as
a fantasy–prone personality.
Which of the following groups tends to daydream the most?
young adults
Circadian rhythms are the
regular body cycles that occur on a 24–hour schedule.
The effects of chronic sleep deprivation include
suppression of the immune system, altered metabolic and hormonal functioning, misperceptions on monotonous tasks, and increased accident proneness.
The sleep–waking cycles of people isolated without clocks or daylight typically are ________ hours in duration
25
When our ________ is disrupted, we experience jet lag.
circadian rhythm
A person whose EEG shows a high proportion of alpha waves is most likely
awake and relaxed.
Sleep spindles predominate during which stage of sleep?
Stage 2
During which stage of sleep does the body experience increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and genital arousal?
REM sleep
Which of the following is characteristic of REM sleep
genital
REM sleep is referred to as "paradoxical sleep" because
the body's muscles remain relaxed while the brain and eyes are active
The sleep cycle is approximately ________ minutes.
90
A person who falls asleep in the midst of a heated argument probably suffers from
narcolepsy. .
One effect of sleeping pills is to
depress REM sleep
Which of the following is NOT a theory of dreaming mentioned in the text?
Dreaming is an attempt to escape from social stimulation.
Which of the following is true?
REM sleep tends to increase following intense learning periods
According to Freud, dreams are
a symbolic fulfillment of erotic wishes.
Jill dreams that her boyfriend pushes her in front of an oncoming car. Her psychoanalyst suggests that the dream might symbolize her fear that her boyfriend is rushing her into sexual activity prematurely. The analyst is evidently attempting to interpret the ________ content of Jill's dream
latent
Although her eyes are closed, Adele's brain is generating bursts of electrical activity in the visual cortex. It is likely that Adele is
in REM sleep.
According to Seligman and Yellen, dreaming represents
the brain's efforts to integrate unrelated bursts of activity in the visual cortex with emotional tone provided by activity in the limbic system
Barry has just spent four nights as a subject in a sleep study in which he was awakened each time he entered REM sleep. Now that the experiment is over, which of the following can be expected to occur?
There will be an increase in Barry's REM sleep.
The fact that animals such as fish, whose behavior is less influenced by learning, do not dream provides support for the ________ theory of dreaming.
information–processing
Which of the following statements regarding REM sleep is true?
REM sleep deprivation results in a REM rebound.
The modern discovery of hypnosis is generally attributed to
Mesmer.
Of the following individuals, who is likely to be the most hypnotically suggestible?
Janice, a fantasy–prone actress
Hypnotic responsiveness is
greater when people are led to EXPECT it.
An attorney wants to know if the details and accuracy of an eyewitness's memory for a crime would be improved under hypnosis. Given the results of relevant research, what should you tell the attorney?
Most hypnotically retrieved memories are either false or contaminated
As a form of therapy for relieving problems such as headaches, hypnosis is
no more effective than positive suggestions given without hypnosis.
Research studies of the effectiveness of hypnosis as a form of therapy have demonstrated that
for problems of self–control, such as smoking, hypnosis is equally effective with subjects who can be deeply hypnotized and those who cannot, posthypnotic suggestions have helped alleviate headaches, asthma, warts, and certain skin disorders, and positive suggestions given without hypnosis are often as effective as hypnosis as a form of therapy
Which of the following statements concerning hypnosis is true?
Hypnosis is not associated with a distinct physiological state. .
Those who consider hypnosis a social phenomenon contend that
if a hypnotist eliminates the motivation for acting, hypnotized subjects become unresponsive.
Those who believe that hypnosis is a social phenomenon argue that "hypnotized" individuals are
merely acting out a role.
According to Hilgard, hypnosis is
a dissociation between different levels of consciousness.
A person who requires increasing amounts of a drug in order to feel its effect is said to have developed
tolerance.
Which of the following is NOT a common misconception about addiction?
Biological factors place some individuals at increased risk for addiction.
Psychoactive drugs affect behavior and perception through
alteration of neural activity in the brain.
Which of the following is NOT a stimulant?
alcohol
Alcohol has the most profound effect on
the transfer of experiences to long–term memory
Which of the following is classified as a depressant
alcohol
Roberto is moderately intoxicated by alcohol. Which of the following changes in his behavior is likely to occur?
If angered, he is more likely to become aggressive than when he is sober, He will be less self–conscious about his behavior, If sexually aroused, he will be less inhibited about engaging in sexual activity, and The next day he may be unable to remember what happened while he was drinking.
Cocaine and crack produce a euphoric rush by
blocking the reuptake of dopamine in brain cells
THC is the major active ingredient in
marijuana.
Which of the following statements concerning marijuana is not true?
The by–products of marijuana are cleared from the body more quickly than the by–products of alcohol
Dan has recently begun using an addictive, euphoria–producing drug. Which of the following will probably occur if he repeatedly uses this drug?
After each use, he will become more and more depressed
Which of the following is NOT an example of a biological rhythm?
the peaking of body temperature during the day
Which of the following was NOT cited in the text as evidence that heredity influences alcohol use?
Children whose parents abuse alcohol have a lower tolerance for multiple alcoholic drinks taken over a short period of time
Which of the following statements concerning alcoholism is NOT true?
Adopted individuals are more susceptible to alcoholism if they had an alcoholic adoptive parent
The lowest rates of drug use among high school seniors is reported by
black males.
Which of the following statements concerning the roots of drug use is not TRUE?
It is nearly impossible to predict whether or not a particular adolescent will experiment with drugs.
How a particular psychoactive drug affects a person depends on
the dosage and form in which the drug is taken, the user's expectations and personality, and the situation in which the drug is taken. .
At its beginning, psychology focused on the study of
consciousness.
Which of the following is usually the most powerful determinant of whether teenagers begin using drugs?
peer influence
Which of the following was NOT suggested by the text as an important aspect of drug prevention and treatment programs?
"scare tactics" that frighten prepubescent children into avoiding drug experimentation
Which of the following statements concerning near–death experiences is true?
They typically consist of fantastic, mystical imagery.
Which theorists believe that the mind and the body are separate entities?
the dualists
Levar believes that once the body has died, the mind also ceases to exist. Evidently, Levar is a(n)
monist.