Midterm

Front 1

Repository system parts

Back 1

Lungs, nasal cavity, bronchi, pharanx, laranx, trachea

Hint 1

6

Front 2

Hematology

Back 2

Study of the blood

Front 3

What do the kidneys do

Back 3

Remove waste and balance electrolytes

Hint 3

2 things

Front 4

Requirements of organisms

Back 4

Water, heat, pressure, food, oxygen

Hint 4

5

Front 5

Characteristics of life

Back 5

Movement, responsiveness, digestion, growth, reproduction, circulation, assimilation, respiration, absorption, excretion

Hint 5

10

Front 6

Movement

Back 6

Changing body position removing or internal parts

Front 7

Respiration

Back 7

Obtain oxygen using oxygen to release energy from foods and removing gaseous waste

Front 8

Digestion

Back 8

Breakdown of food

Front 9

Growth

Back 9

Increase size but not shape

Front 10

Responsiveness

Back 10

Sensing and reacting to internal and external changes

Front 11

Reproduction

Back 11

Spawning offspring

Front 12

Organism

Back 12

A living thing with a organ system

Front 13

Organ systems

Back 13

Group of organs that function closely together

Front 14

Organs

Back 14

Group of tissues that interact

Front 15

Tissues

Back 15

Organized cells

Front 16

Chemistry

Back 16

Branch of science that considers the the composition of matter and how it changes

Front 17

Hematology

Back 17

The study of blood

Front 18

Matter

Back 18

Anything that takes up space

Front 19

Elements

Back 19

Substance that matter is made up of

Front 20

Atoms

Back 20

Substance that the elements are made up of

Front 21

Chemical bonds

Back 21

Atoms that can combine with other atoms by forming attractions

Front 22

Anatomy

Back 22

Hi body parts are organized performed names

Front 23

Physiology

Back 23

How the body function

Front 24

Atom

Back 24

Microscopic particles

Front 25

Molecules

Back 25

Made up from Atoms

Front 26

Macromolecules

Back 26

Organelles that are made up of molecules

Front 27

Cell

Back 27

Basic unit of structure and function which contain organelles

Front 28

Water

Back 28

Most abundant chemical in the body. Transports substances within the organism and regulates body temperature

Front 29

Foods

Back 29

Provides body with nutrients Energy sources. Raw Material for building matter

Front 30

Oxygen

Back 30

Gas that makes 1/5 ordinary air used to release energy from food drives and metabolic process

Front 31

Heat

Back 31

Form of energy. Product of metabolic reactions

Front 32

Pressure

Back 32

Application of force to something

Front 33

Homeostasis

Back 33

Stable environment. Internal environment. Fluid surrounding its body in cells. Negative feedback

Front 34

Body cavities

Back 34

Axial diaphragm viscera mediastinum body cavities in the head include the oral nasal orbital and middle ear

Front 35

Thoracic and abdominal pelvic membranes

Back 35

Upper abdominal lower pelvic extension the diaphragm to the floor of the pelvis

Front 36

Digestive system

Back 36

Break down food molecules to simpler form that can pass through cell membranes and thereby be absorbed by the body fluids. Includes mouth tongue teeth saliva glands pharynx esophagus stomach liver gallbladder pancreas small intestine large intestine

Front 37

Respiratory system

Back 37

Move air in and out of the lungs and exchange of gases between the blood in the air. Includes nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea bronchi and lungs

Front 38

Urinary system

Back 38

Kidneys uterus unit urinary bladder and urethra. Kidneys remove waste from blood and how many time the bodies of water and electrolyte concentrations

Front 39

Anatomical position

Back 39

Body is standing erect face forward with upper limbs at the sides palms forward

Front 40

Atomic number

Back 40

Number of protons

Front 41

Atomic weight

Back 41

Number of protons and neutrons

Front 42

Isotopes

Back 42

Atoms with different weights. Neutrons vary

Front 43

Ions

Back 43

Atoms that gain or lose electrons

Front 44

Synthesis

Back 44

When 2 or more atoms bond

Front 45

Exchange reaction

Back 45

Parts of 2 different types of molecules trade positions as bonds are formed

Front 46

Reversible reaction

Back 46

Products of a reaction can change back to reactant that originally underwent reaction

Front 47

Catalyst

Back 47

Particular atoms or molecules that can change the rate ( not direction) or reaction without being consumed. Speeds many chemical reactions in the body to sustain life

Front 48

ph

Back 48

A value measure of hydrogen ion concentration. Inversely related. Normal human is 7.4

Front 49

Chemicals constitutes of cell

Back 49

Organic:chemicals that include both carbon and hydrogen atoms. In organic, everything else

Front 50

Carbohydrates

Back 50

Provides energy for cells. Sugars smallest

Front 51

Lipids

Back 51

Organic substances that are insoluble in water, but soluable in certain organic solvents such as either and chloroform

Front 52

Steroid

Back 52

Molecules that include four connected rings or carbon atoms

Front 53

Proteins

Back 53

Serve as structural materials, energy sources or hormones

Front 54

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Back 54

Composed of molecules whose nucleotides have ribose

Front 55

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Back 55

has deoxyribosed and forms a double polynucleotide chain held together by hydrogen bonds.

Front 56

Selectively permeable

Back 56

Only certain substances can leave the cell

Front 57

Cytoplasm

Back 57

gel like material in which organelles are suspended

Front 58

Cytoskeleton

Back 58

Abundant protein rods and tubules that form a framework

Front 59

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Back 59

Complex organelles composed of membrane bounded flattened sacs, elongated canals, and fluid filled bubble like sacs called vesicles.

Provides a vast tubularnetwork that transports molecules from one cell part to another

Front 60

Ribosomes

Back 60

Where protein synthesis occurs are attached to ER membrane or are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Enables a cell to quickly manufacture proteins in large amounts.

Front 61

Mitochondria

Back 61

Releases energy from nutrient molecules and change energy into a usable form

Front 62

Lysosomes

Back 62

Acidic pH. Breakdown nutrient molecules or foreign particles

Front 63

Peroxisomes

Back 63

In liver and kidney cells. Catalyze a variety of biochemical reactions including breakdown of hydrogen peroxide, fatty acids and detoxification of alcohol

Front 64

microfilaments and microtubules

Back 64

Form the cytoskeleton. Important for cell division. In muscle tissue

Front 65

Centrosome

Back 65

During mitosis they distribute chromosomes to newly forming cells. Near Golgi apparatus and nucleus.

Front 66

Cilia

Back 66

Waves that move fluid. Respiratory airway.

Front 67

Vesicles

Back 67

Membraneos sac that stores or transports substances within and between other cells

Front 68

Cell nucleus

Back 68

Houses the genetic material DNA which directs all cell activities

Front 69

Diffusion simple diffusion

Back 69

Tendency of molecules or ions in liquid solution or air to move from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. Rate is affected by temperature size of molecules and steepness of the concentration gradient

Front 70

Facilitated diffusion

Back 70

Substances that are not able to pass to the lipid bilayer need the help of membrane proteins to get across. Molecules such as glucose that are too large to pass to the membrane pores and are insoluble in lipids into the cell from higher to lower concentration

Front 71

Isotonic

Back 71

Any solution that has the same osmotic pressure as body fluids

Front 72

Hypertonic

Back 72

Solutions that have a higher osmotic pressure than body fluids

Front 73

Hypotonic

Back 73

Lower osmotic pressure than body fluids gain water by osmosis and swell

Front 74

Active transport

Back 74

Process the newest particles do membrane from region of the lower conservation to region of higher concentration

Front 75

Endocytosis

Back 75

Molecules or other particles too large to enter the cell by the fusion or active transport or conveyed in vesicle that forms from a portion of the cell membrane

Front 76

Pinocytosis

Back 76

Cells drinking cells taken droplets of liquid from their surroundings as a small portion of the cell membrane indents

Front 77

Phagocytosis

Back 77

Cell Eating. Cell takes in solids rather than liquid

Front 78

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 78

Moves very specific particles into a cell

Front 79

Exocytosis

Back 79

The reverse process secrets the substance stored in vesicle from the cell

Front 80

Mitosis

Back 80

Division of the nucleus

Front 81

Cytokinesis

Back 81

Division of cytoplasm

Front 82

Prophase

Back 82

Chromosomes become visible in the nucleus when stained

Front 83

Metaphase

Back 83

Chromosomes line up about midway between the centrioles as a result of microtubule activity

Front 84

Anaphase

Back 84

as chromatids separate they become individual chromosomes that move in opposite directions once again guided by microtubule activity

Front 85

Telophase

Back 85

Chromosomes complete their migration toward the centrioles

Front 86

Enzymes

Back 86

Control each of the interrelated reactions of metabolism

Front 87

Metabolism

Back 87

Reactions of anabolism build up larger molecules from smaller ones requiring input of energy. Reactions of catabolism break down large molecules into smaller one is releasing energy

Front 88

Anabolism

Back 88

Provide the biochemicals required for cell growth and repair. Dehydration synthesis joins many simple sugar molecules or monosaccharides to form larger molecules of glycogen

Front 89

Catabolism

Back 89

Breaks down sugar molecules into smaller ones

Front 90

adenosine tri-phosphate

Back 90

Cells capture about 40% of the energy released and transfer it to high energy electrons that cell can use to synthesize. Cell uses a variety of functions including active transport and synthesis

Hint 90

ATP

Front 91

Adenosine diphosphate

Back 91

ATP molecule that has lost terminal phosphate

Front 92

Glycolysis

Back 92

Cellular respiration breaking the glucose. Occurs in the cytosol liquid portion of cytoplasm. Anaerobic phase of cellular respiration does not require oxygen. ATP increases

Front 93

Anaerobic

Back 93

Does not require oxygen

Front 94

Krebs cycle

Back 94

In the mitochondria, each molecules of pyruvic acid loses a carbon atom and binds to a coenzyme to form a molecule of acetyl COA which can combine with a 4 carbon molecule and enter the electric transport chain

Front 95

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Back 95

Sequences of building blocks hold information to manufacture proteins in genetic code

Hint 95

DNA

Front 96

Genome

Back 96

Complete set of genetic instructions all cells except the sex cells contain two copies

Front 97

Genes

Back 97

Synonyms of the genome that encodes proteins. Sequence of nucleotides bases along that one DNA strand that specifies a particular protein amino acid sequence

Front 98

Transcription

Back 98

Genetic information reaches the cytoplasm in copy of two molecules of RNA which connects at the nucleus because they are much shorter than DNA and are single stranded

Front 99

messenger RNA

Back 99

RNA that carries a genes message out of the nucleus helps build proteins

Hint 99

mRNA

Front 100

Transfer RNA

Back 100

Correctly aligns amino acids that you're hot then linked by enzymic action to form proteins

Front 101

Epithelial tissue

Back 101

Protects secretion absorption excretion

Front 102

Connective tissue

Back 102

Bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells

Front 103

Muscle tissue

Back 103

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac

Front 104

Nervous tissue

Back 104

Conducts impulses for coordination, regulation, integration, and sensory reception

Front 105

Simple squamous epithelium

Back 105

Tissue consist of a single layer of thin flattened cells. Functions and gas exchange in the lungs and lines blood and lymph vessels and is part of the membrane lining body cavities and covering the viscera

Front 106

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 106

Consist of single layer of cube shape cells. Carries on secretion absorption of the kidneys and various glands

Front 107

Simple columnar epithelium

Back 107

Column shaped composed of a lot and long gated cells whose nuclei are near the basement membrane. line the uterus and digestive tract

Front 108

Stratified squamous epithelium

Back 108

Composed of many layers of cells. Protects underlying cells. Form of the outer layer of the skin in line of the oral cavity esophagus vagina and anal canal. Skin outer layers of cells undergo keratinization

Front 109

Merocrine glands

Back 109

Fluid product released through the cell membrane by exocytosis

Front 110

Apocrine gland

Back 110

Loose portions of their cells pinch off during secretion

Front 111

Holocrine gland

Back 111

Disintegrated entire cells filled with a secretory products

Front 112

Extracellular matrix

Back 112

Consist of fibers and ground substance

Front 113

Fibroblast

Back 113

Produce collagen and elastic fibers and are the most common

Front 114

Macrophages

Back 114

Defend against infections

Front 115

Mast cells

Back 115

Release heparin and histamine and usually are near blood vessels

Front 116

Chondrocytes

Back 116

Cartridge cells that lie within the gel like fluid matrix

Front 117

Epithelial membrane

Back 117

Composed of epithelium and underlying connective tissue

Front 118

Serous membranes

Back 118

Epithelium and areolar connective tissue are membranes that line body cavities lack an opening to the outside

Front 119

Mucous membranes

Back 119

Membrane that lines body cavities open to the outside. Goblet cells within these membranes secrete mucus

Front 120

Muscle and nervous tissues

Back 120

Skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue ,cardiac muscle tissue

Hint 120

3

Front 121

Skeletal muscle tissue

Back 121

Voluntary movements of skeletal parts usually attached to bones

Front 122

Smooth muscle tissue

Back 122

Involuntary movements of internal organs

Front 123

Cardiac muscle tissue

Back 123

Heart movements

Front 124

Structures of the skin

Back 124

Nails, hair follicles, skin glands

Hint 124

3

Front 125

Nails

Back 125

Protective covers on the ends of fingers and toes. Specialized epidermal cells that are keratinized makeup nails. Keratin of nail is harder than that produced by the skin's epidermal cells

Front 126

Hair follicles

Back 126

Each hair develops from epidermal cells at the base of two black hair follicle. Newly-formed sells develop and grow older cells are pushed toward the surface and undergo keratinization. Color is determined by genes that directly amount of eumelanin or pheomelanin produced by melanocytes associated with hair follicle. Bundle of smooth muscle cells is attached to each hair follicle

Front 127

Skin glands

Back 127

Sebaceous glands are usually associated with hair follicles, they secrete sebum which helps keep the skin and hair soft and waterproof. Each sweat gland is a coil tube. American sweat glands respond to elevated body temperature and produce sweat that is primarily water and also contains salts and wastes. Apocrine sweat glands respond to emotional upset and pretty sweat glands respond to emotional upset contain proteins and lipids

Front 128

Inflammation

Back 128

Redness, heat, swelling, pain

Hint 128

4

Front 129

Redness

Back 129

More blood in the area

Front 130

Heat ( injury)

Back 130

Large amount of blood accumulating in area and is a byproduct of increase metabolic activity

Front 131

Swelling

Back 131

Increased permeability of blood vessels, fluid leaving blood go into tissue spaces

Front 132

Pain

Back 132

Injury to neurons and increase pressure from edema

Front 133

Integumentary system

Back 133

Skeletal, lymphatic, muscular, digestive, nervous, respiratory, endocrine, urinary, cardiovascular, reproductive

Hint 133

10

Front 134

Skeletal system

Back 134

Vitamin D, production of which begins in the skin, helps provide calcium needed for the bone matrix

Front 135

Lymphatic system

Back 135

Skin acting as a barrier, provides an important first line defense for immune system

Front 136

Muscular system

Back 136

Involuntary muscle contractions work with the skin to control body temperature(shivering). Muscles act on facial skin to create expressions

Front 137

Digestive system

Back 137

Excess calories may be stored fat. Vitamin D production of which begins in the skin stimulates dietary calcium absorption

Front 138

Nervous system

Back 138

Sensory receptors provide information about the outside world to the nervous system. Nerves control the activity of sweat glands

Front 139

Respiratory system

Back 139

Stimulation of skin receptors may alter respiratory rate

Front 140

Endocrine system

Back 140

Hormones help to increase skin blood flow during exercise. Other hormones stimulate either the synthesis or the decomposition of fat

Front 141

Urinary system

Back 141

Kidneys help compensate for water and electrolyte lost in sweat

Front 142

Cardiovascular system

Back 142

Skin blood vessels play a role in regulating body temperature

Front 143

Reproductive system

Back 143

Sensory receptors play an important role in sexual activity and in the suckling reflex