Midterm

Front 1

Utilarianism

Back 1

themoral belief that right actions are those that produce the greatest possiblebalance of happiness over unhappiness, with each person’s happiness countedequally important.

Front 2

Moral Philosophy

Back 2

the attempt to achieve a systematic understanding of the nature of morality & what it requires of us

Front 3

The Responsible Being

Back 3

Someone who has never done enough or gave enough

Front 4

Conventionalism

Back 4

the view that fundamental principles are validated bydefinition, agreement, or convention

Front 5

Ethical (Moral) Relativism

Back 5

morality is relative to the norms of one's culture. That is, whether an action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of the society in which it is practiced. The same action may be morally right in one society but be morally wrong in another.

Front 6

Emotivism

Back 6

regards ethical and value judgments as expressions of feeling or attitude and prescriptions of action, rather than assertions or reports of anything.

Front 7

Role of reason

Back 7

a moral judgment or any value judgment must be supported by good reasons

Front 8

2 Functions of moral Judgment

Back 8

1. To express one's attitudes

2. Try to influence other people's attitudes

Front 9

Natural Law Theory

Back 9

Everything in Nature has a purpose. When things do not go the way they are supposed to go, they are wrong. Your action is morally right if and only if you are acting in accordance with the natural desire.

Front 10

Divine Command Theory

Back 10

God decides what is right and wrong. Actions that God commands are morally required.

Front 11

Problems with Divine Command Theory

Back 11

1. We all interpret the laws of God differently

2. Too many religious to define who is right from wrong

Front 12

Ethical Egoism

Back 12

thesis in ethics abouthow people should act.

Front 13

Psychological Egoism

Back 13

It claims that, when people choose to help others, they do so ultimately because of the personal benefits that they themselves expect to obtain, directly or indirectly, from doing so.

Front 14

Alturism

Back 14

the principle or practice of unselfish concern for or devotion to thewelfare of others

Front 15

Impartiallity

Back 15

The idea that each individual's interests are equally important; no one should get special treatment

Front 16

Consequentialism

Back 16

the view that an actis right if and only if there is no act that theperson could perform that would bring aboutbetter consequences.

Front 17

Peter Singer's Strong Argument

Back 17

State Peter Singer's Strong Argument"If we can do something to help prevent suffering and death from lack of food/shelter/medicine without sacrificing anything of moral comparable worth, then we should help"

Front 18

Four Basic Facts about Human Life

Back 18

1. There is equality of need.- food, clothing shelter

2. Scarcity

3. Essential equality of human power

4. Limited Alturism

Front 19

Golden Rule

Back 19

Do to others what you would want done to you

Front 20

Subjective Relativism

Back 20

fundamental principles governing what acts are morally right or wrong vary from person to person even within a certain culture,society or civilization.

Front 21

Hedonism

Back 21

the only thing that is intrinsically good is pleasure- the only thing that is intrinsically bad is pain.

Front 22

State of Nature

Back 22

Ina situation where there are no moral or government laws or rules, people would be free to do as theyplease. The "natural conditionof mankind" is what would exist if there were no government, nocivilization, no laws, and no common power to restrain human nature.

Front 23

Social Contract Theory

Back 23

the idea that people becomebeneficent beings, because the contract creates the conditions under which wecan afford to care for others. We all benefit from the laws within our society.

Front 24

Prisoner's Dilemna

Back 24

byrationally pursuing your own interests, you both end up worse off if you acteddifferently. It is a paradoxical situation. When both parties who could beconvicted do what is not in your own best interest.

Front 25

The benefits argument

Back 25

If we can benefit someone without harming anyone else, we ought to do so.

Front 26

Immanuel Kant- Kantian Ethics

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Moral principles apply to everyone, independently of a person's desires or interest. There is no exception to the rule.

Front 27

Hypothetical Imperitives

Back 27

We should do something because we have some personal outcome that will positively affect us. Not because its want what we truly want in our hearts.

Front 28

Categorial Imperatives

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Whenever you make a decision consider whether or not ti should become a universal law. If yes, do it. If not, don't.

Front 29

Simple Subjectivism

Back 29

We all are incapable of incorrect thus it does not make sense, since everyone can be right.

Front 30

Virtue Theory

Back 30

emphasizes an individual's character as the key element of ethical thinking, rather than rules about the acts themselves

Front 31

What is a virtue?

Back 31

A trait of character manifested in habitual action that is good for a person to have. Truly who a person is and what comes natural to them.

Front 32

Ethical Subjectivism

Back 32

the idea that our moral opinions are based on our feelings & nothing more. There is no such thing as right or wrong. Everyone has an opinion, but these are just thoughts rather than facts thus no one is right.

Front 33

Heinz Dilemma

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Heinz wife was near death and the only medicine that would save her was one that he could not afford from a pharmacist. Considered whether to steal the medicine to save his wife's life or not.

Front 34

Heinz Dilemma

Back 34

Heinz wife was near death and the only medicine that would save her was one that he could not afford from a pharmacist. Considered whether to steal the medicine to save his wife's life or not.

Front 35

Lawrence Kohlberg

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Interested in models of maturation of moral agents. Created the 6 stages of moral development.

Front 36

Carol Gilligan

Back 36

The moral development of girls tended to come from compassion instead of being justice based, boys. She proposed that ethics should be focused on relationships instead of rules

Front 37

Ethics of care

Back 37

Seeks to maintain relationships by contextualizing and promoting the well-being of care givers and care receivers.

Front 38

Virtue Ethic

Back 38

Emphasizes an individual's character as the key element to ethical thinking, rather than rules about the acts themselves.

Front 39

Nel Noddings

Back 39

Differentiate between natural caring and ethical caring