Midterm 2 (Ea- 144)

Front 1

Biological Development Graph

Back 1

The trend here is that puberty is the start to adulthood. The significance is that in 1860 puberty began at age 15 compared to 12.6 beginning in 2000.

Front 2

What is the cell body of the neuron?

Back 2

It is the cell's life support center

Front 3

What is the role of the dendrites of a neuron?

Back 3

It is to receive messages from other cells

Front 4

What is the purpose of the terminal branches of axon of the neuron?

Back 4

To form junctions with other cells

Front 5

What is the purpose of the axon of an neuron?

Back 5

It passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

Front 6

What is the purpose of the neural impulse in a neuron?

Back 6

Action potential electrical signal traveling down the axon

Front 7

What is the purpose of the myelin sheath in a neuron?

Back 7

Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

Front 8

Neuron Diagram

Back 8

Front 9

How does a neuron communicate?

Back 9

1) Electrical impulses (action potentials) travel down an neuron's axon until reaching a tiny junction known as a synapse.

2) When an action potential reaches an axon terminal, it stimulates the release of neurotransmitter molecules. These molecules cross the synaptic gap and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron. This allows electrically charged atoms to enter the receiving neuron and excite or inhibit a new action potential.

3) The sending neuron normally reabsorbs

excess neurotransmitter molecules, a process called reuptake

Front 10

What happens when neural connections are used?When they are not used?

Back 10

Changing habits is hard for us! So much hard to change it! Be aware of it and change it! Pathways not used = pruned.

Front 11

What is synaptic pruning?

Back 11

The process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die.

Front 12

What are the implications?

Back 12

Average age of onset for Schizophrenia: 16-30

Feinberg Hypothesis

Studies shown--> marijuana

Front 13

What is the dopamine hypothesis?

Back 13

It suggests that if you have too dopamine it's to schizophernia or too little---> resembles to Parkinson's disease

Front 14

What is the relationship between synaptic pruning and schizophrenia?

Back 14

Research suggests that there is some sort of connection between schizophrenia and synaptic pruning (Potentially affecting the dopaminergic system and prefrontal cortex)

Front 15

What were the main takeaways of The Mysterious Workings of theAdolescent Brain Ted Talk of Sarah-Jayne Blakemore of University College,London?

Back 15

Prefrontal cortex- involved in decision making, planning, inhibiting inappropriate behavior, social interactions, executive functioning, and impulse control which is related to risk taking

Front 16

What were the main takeaways of The Mysterious Workings of the Adolescent Brain Ted Talk of Sarah-Jayne Blakemore of University College, London?

Back 16

Adolescent----> adult's brain look different in terms of development and function differently (e.g. rely on different neural structures) to approach the same/similar tasks

Front 17

What were the main takeaways of The Mysterious Workings of the Adolescent Brain Ted Talk of Sarah-Jayne Blakemore of University College, London?

Back 17

The Limbic system- reward processing, (more developed in adults), but is hypersensitive to adolescents develops earlier-on

Front 18

What were the main takeaways of The Mysterious Workings of the Adolescent Brain Ted Talk of Sarah-Jayne Blakemore of University College, London?

Back 18

In adolescents the limbic system is more developed than the prefrontal cortex as compared to adults

Front 19

What is the EA (emerging adulthood) Brain?

Back 19

Brain Research Funding

The most incomplete structure at birth

The baby brain is not like a small adult brain

EA brain operates differently

Brain is developing overtime

Brain is only 40% of the size of capacity at birth (developed)

Front 20

What are some facts regarding the brain?

Back 20

Ratio for humans: onegram brain matter per 44grams of weight

Einstein’s brain wasunder-weight (2.71 lbs)

But… had moreconnections (more synaptic connections per brain mass)

Front 21

How is the brain built?

Back 21

From the cellar to the attic

From the back to the front

Starting with mostimportant survivalfeatures

From the brain stem to outward and forward

Front 22

Judgement Last to Develop Diagram

Back 22

The dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex is the last area in the brain to develop. (In charge of "executive functions").

Front 23

How is judgement implicated in adolescence?

Back 23

When one is a teenager the brain is only about 80% done in term of maturity

The other 20% is developed from adolescence to EA is the wiring of the synaptic connection and pruning

Front 24

Discuss the extra brain information?

Back 24

At this point our brain is like a pie. In other words, our brains are still mushy in the middle. We can still grow! The prefrontal cortex separates us from primates.

Front 25

Why is the brain not like other eras?

Back 25

Over-abundance of gray matter (Neurons that make the basic building blocks of the brain).

Under-supply of white matter (connective wiring that helps the brain communicate).

Front 26

What is the trend of the graph regarding grey and white matter of the brain?

Back 26

Over-abundance of grey matter under supply of white matter the number and type of synapses change as we age

Front 27

What is the trend between the excitatory and inhibitory synapses?

Back 27

Excitatory peaks in childhood and inhibitory develops in adulthood.

Front 28

What was the finding of the Go No-Go Test of Inhibition? Where the conditiond were to: Press the button (“go” response) when the green targetappears and Press nothing (“no go” response) when blue target appears?

Back 28

The finding of this study found that accuracy was lower in adolescents compared to adults because the excitatory system is at a peak during adolescence.

Front 29

What is the EA Cognition review?

Back 29

According to Piaget: Post Formal Thought

• Practical, flexible, less black and white, dialectical

• Better at using both subjective and objectivethought

Front 30

What is the objective versus subjective thought?

Back 30

Objective: based on fact (not influenced by the thinker’sexperiences, thoughts, culture, goals, etc.)

Subjective: influenced by personal biases

Front 31

What are some common cognitive errors?

Back 31

Prospective Memory (intention to do something later)

Multi-tasking (e.g., selfie deaths)- it is a false concept when the thing you want to focus on requires cognitives processes. It requires actual focus, but you can't focus by "multitasking."

Front 32

What are some common cognitive errors?

Back 32

Delay Discounting- we under value, reduce, or ignore the immediate ramifications. We under estimate the time it takes to do things. Overestimating the ability and one's ability.

Bennet Barber and the sunk cost fallacy. in other words, "I have gone this far, must keep going if it's _________ of your attention

Front 33

How is the brain built?

Back 33

From the bottom to the top

Front 34

What type of matter do EA have the most?

Back 34

EA have more grey matter than white matter

Front 35

What type of era is EA?

Back 35

EA is typically a healthy era

- Immune systems are well developed

- Biologically a time for child birth and manual

labor

Front 36

Muscle growth and fat accumulation continues until when?

Back 36

They continue until the early 20s

Front 37

Examples of EA's immune system going well?

Back 37

Normal Blood pressure

No new cavities

Steady heart rate

Front 38

What does the research show about EA in the healthy era?

Back 38

It shows that you look amazing

Looking good is very important

Spend more money on clothes and shoes

The body is at a peak performance and you look the part

Front 39

Why do people in EA tend to look good?

Back 39

To attract a mate

Front 40

What is the physical attractiveness stereotype?

Back 40

Over arching approval

Les likely to be convicted of a crime

They do better in interviews

Perceived as more sociable

Perceived as happier

Perceived as more successful

Front 41

People in EA are so healthy that...

Back 41

The CDC fails to acknowledge them

Front 42

People in emerging adulthood are unlikely to die of sickness or ongoing health reasons

Back 42

True

Front 43

Are people in EA risk free?

Back 43

NO

Front 44

What are the top three causes of death in EA?

Ages 15-24 and 25-34 are the same on this chart.

Back 44

1: Unintentional injury

2: Suicide

3: Homicide

*know in order

Front 45

What are the three topics that Katherine Berger covered?

Back 45

Organ Reserve

Homeostasis

Allostasis

Front 46

What is organ reserve?

Back 46

Reservability to function beyond the usual needs. 20 year old can pump 10 times

Front 47

How much will the reservability decline after age 30?

Back 47

1% Is lost every year after age 30

Front 48

What is homeostasis?

Back 48

Refers to the adjustment of all the body's

systems to keep physiological functions in a state of equilibrium. It is more effective during EA years

Front 49

What is allostasis?

Back 49

A dynamic body adjustment, related to

homeostasis that affects overall physiology over time.

Front 50

What are some of the recommendations to have a better future, when you are an EA?

Back 50

Exercise

Nutrition

Sexual health-best practices

Front 51

Explain why exercise creates a better future for EA?

Back 51

Sitting time correlates with chronic illness including diabetes and heart disease

Front 52

What is the CARDIA study?

Back 52

Looking at heart arteries

4,000 participants in EA. Those who were least fit were more likely to develop heart disease and diabetes.

Front 53

Explain why nutrition is creates a better future for those in EA.

Back 53

Early childhood nutrition can affect the years of EA, as the nutrition in EA can affect middle-adulthood.

Front 54

What percentage of EA are within a normal BMI?

Back 54

About 50%. (33% for people aged 25-65)

EA usually eat less fat

Front 55

What do nutrition experts say?

Back 55

More fruits and veggies

Front 56

Parent-child relationships.

Back 56

Emerging adults begin to see their parents in a different light. Perhaps taking into perspective their views as actual people with hurts, needs, preferences, flaws, and strengths. Emerging adults tend to get along with their parents.

Front 57

Why is the relationship shift crucial?

Back 57

Accepting responsibility for yourself

Making independent decisions

Becoming financially independent.

Front 58

What is the technological opportunity regarding parent child relationship?

Back 58

The ability to stay in contact with parents is easier.

Front 59

What percentage of EA parents report getting along better with their EA child?

Back 59

66%

Front 60

What percentage of EA parents report to having more adult conversations with their EA child?

Back 60

80%

Front 61

What percentage of emerging adult parent's report to having more conflict with their EA child?

Back 61

16%

Front 62

What percentage of American emerging adults agreed with this statement: I would prefer to live independently of my parents even if that means living tight."

Back 62

3/4 (75%)

Front 63

Why is it that distance creates closeness?

Back 63

It decreases day to day friction

Highlight reel, which is when you see your parents on days that are fun aka holidays.

Less taking each other for granted.

Front 64

What percentage of parents are happy when their EA move out?

Back 64

90% of them.

61% of parents say they are happier because they have more time for themselves.

60% say they are happier because they have more time for themselves.

If you are the oldest child, then stats are different

Front 65

Explain the importance of choosing well.

Back 65

Picking the right partner, someone with the same goal, occupation, SES. Regardless of the approach, the end goal should be the same (both in the same boat kind of thing.)

Front 66

What are the potential pitfall(내제 되어있는) 위험s?

Back 66

A time for exploration

Habits become harder to get rid of

Tend to replicate that which we already do or know

People tend to replicate things that they do in their younger years.

Choose Your Family

Invest in Creating Healthy Patterns NOW

Front 67

What is the age 30 deadline?

Back 67

It is a fallacy(틀린 생각) that tends to hit you.

This happens in the 20s, basically when we think that doing things after 30 is impossible.

Age 30 is like THE age. If we don't finish with our degree we feel behind. If people aren't married by then, they feel like no one will want them after.

Front 68

What is the age 30 bait and switch?

Back 68

Telling people not to worry too much. Take the time that you need, etc. (This is happening now in EA)

Front 69

What is the novelty effect(신규성 영향)?

Back 69

Gives the example of how you might be somewhere exotic and you think you have fallen in love with someone there, but then in reality,

everything is because of the "novelty" effect of where you're at the moment. So basically your mind is tricking you into believing that maybe the guy is "the one."

Front 70

What does it mean to be Choosy?

Back 70

Be selective with the type of relationships, friendships, and where to place your attention. Make sure that those who are around you fulfill your needs. If it is not happening, then make sure to change that.

Front 71

What does Meg Jay mean when she says to

invest in creating healthy patterns?

Back 71

She says that this is a great time for shifting patterns, and to learn many things, as this is the age in which one can still change one's habits.

Front 72

What does it mean to choose your family?

Back 72

Being specific as on what you want as far as friends and people you are romantically partnered with.

Front 73

What is the cohabitation effect.

Back 73

2 out of 3 20-somethings report cohabitation to be a good way to avoid divorce.

This belief is wrong(실제로 동거가 결혼생활을 망친다)

Front 74

What does the chart say about cohabitation?

Back 74

From 1987-2013, more people are living with their partners prior to making a clear mutual commitment.

19-24 = 29(1987) -> 65(2013)

25-29 = 10(1989) -> 37(2013)

Front 75

What is the triangular theory of love by

Stenberg?

Back 75

Intimacy

Passion

Commitment

Front 76

What is intimacy?

Back 76

Closeness, warmth, bondness

Front 77

What is passion?

Back 77

Drive towards romance, connection

Front 78

What is commitment?

Back 78

The degree to which you intend to be with that person in the long run

Front 79

What are the two most important parts of the triangle?

Back 79

Intimacy and commitment are the most

important.

Front 80

What is consumer lock-in?

Back 80

The degree to which it is difficult to change dire flow. I.e., meeting someone on the net, moving to be with that person, but then realizing that you don't like him. Then you come to the "I've already gone this far, so I might as well keep going," conclusion.

Front 81

What can you do to avoid consumer lock in?

Back 81

Get clearer on commitment.

Plan on re-evaluation. Say "Let's stay together for X amount of time, after that, we can see if we're still making it work."

Front 82

What is identity vs role confusion?

Back 82

Erikson's 5th stage, which goes from

adolescence into age 18. Marked by the development of self on a personal identity and if it is not resolved there will be uncertainty about personal orientations. Self-referential / self-focused Erikson believed that if you don't separate yourself from other people you get stuck and it will last into adulthood

Front 83

What is intimacy vs isolation

Back 83

Erickson 6th stage ages 19 - 40

Marked by attempts to create intimate, loving relationships (to have real, authentic connections)If not resolved = loneliness and isolation bad connections = lonely and isolated

real authentic mature.

Front 84

What are the benefits of good relationships?

Back 84

Good relationships keep us happier and

healthier.

Front 85

How many Americans report to feeling lonely?

Back 85

1 in 5

Front 86

Who fares best?

Back 86

Those who lean into relationships

Front 87

Explain the Harvard Grant Study?

Back 87

Harvard Grant Study 724 men 75 years (long)Looked at life, work life, etc.

Participants didn't know how their life would turn out. 60 of 724 still alive and still participating in the study.

2,000 children of these men are currently being studied one group -> Harvard grads other group-> boys from Boston who were extremely disadvantaged. Participants turned out to be: Factories workers, US President, etc Areas looked at: medical records, interviews, brain scans, talk to children, and videotape themlessons-> good relationships keep us happier

Front 88

What were the findings of the Harvard Grant Study?

Back 88

Main Findings Harvard Grant Study:

“Good relationships keep us happier and

healthier”

• “People who are more socially connected to

family to friends,to community are happier. They’re physically healthier andlive longer than people who are less well connected.”

• “People who are more isolated nd that they are lesshappy,their health declines earlier, their brain declines soonerand they live shorter lives…”

• “It’s the quality of your close relationships that matters.”

Front 89

What is the an affordance(행동 유도성) of EA?

Back 89

• Taking time to develop intimacy skills is a unique benetof EA

• Not available to previous cohorts in the same way

• Most evident in the context of romantic relationships

Front 90

What are the historical expectations?

Back 90

• Social norms regarding marriage change over time

• Historical models of romantic connection

• Courting

• Dating

• (Relatively) Young marriage

Front 91

What does it mean to be dating as a data

Back 91

• Dating as a way of discovering what you do and don’t like

• Serial Monogamy: a series of exclusive sexualrelationships.

• Polyamory: multiple partners (sexual or otherwise)

Front 92

What are the internet dating graphs?

Back 92

18-24 age group 2013 = 10%

18-24 age group 2015 = 27%

25- 34 age group 2013 = 22%

25-34 age group 2015 = 22%

Front 93

Regardless of How and Where.

Back 93

• There are ways to increase the value of your dating andconnective experiences.