Middle School Science

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Molecule

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The smallest particle of a substance made of combined atoms that has the properties of that substance.

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solution

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A mixture in which a substance breaks up into its most basic particles and spreads evenly through another substance.

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mixture

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Two or more substances that are mixed together but can be separated out because they are not chemically combined.

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compound

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A substance made up of a combination of two or more elements held together by chemical bonds that cannot be separated by physical means.

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element

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The basic building blocks of matter. Cannot be broken down into smaller pieces.

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atomic number

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the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; the single most important property of an element.

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chemical property

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How materials change into another. Separates things into its pure form.

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physical property

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Used to identify an object. Uses all five senses and observation skills.

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evaporation

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the process by which particles leave a liquid and become a gas.

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condensation

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the process by which particles leave a gas and become a liquid.

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sublimation

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the process by which a solid changes directly into a gas.

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reactant

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a substance used in a chemical reaction.

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product

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a substance made by a chemical reaction.

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Observed without changing the identity of a substance

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PHYSICAL PROPERTY

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mass, density, state of matter, color

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EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

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can happen without changing the identity of the substance

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PHYSICAL CHANGE

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chopping wood, breaking glass, melting ice

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EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL CHANGES

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describes a substances ability to react with other substances

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CHEMICAL PROPERTY

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flammability, reactivity with acid,

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EXAMPLE OF CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

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forms a new substances with different properties

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CHEMICAL CHANGE

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rusting metal, baking a cake

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EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL CHANGES

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reaction between oxygen and another substance, usually metal

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OXIDATION

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usually in "if....then" statements

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PREDICTIONS

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the part of the microscope that you look through

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EYE PIECE

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adjusts the amount of light illuminating a prepared slide

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DIAPHRAM

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brings the object into focus

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COARSE ADJUSTMENT

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these are supported by the revolving nose piece

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OBJECTIVE LENSES

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eats other organisms for energy

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CONSUMER

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makes its own food through photosynthesis

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PRODUCER

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breaks down dead organisms

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DECOMPOSER

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shows energy flow from one organism to another

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FOOD CHAIN

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shows overlapping food chains within an ecosystem

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FOOD WEB

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captures and absorbs the sun's energy so it can be converted to chemical energy

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CHLORYPHYLL

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the natural process that converts radient energy into chemical energy

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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organism that eats only meat

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CARNIVORE

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organisms that eats only plants

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HERBIVORE

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organism that eats both plants and animals

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OMNIVORE

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anything that has mass and volume

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MATTER

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light you can see

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visible light

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energy that travels in waves

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electromagnetic radiation

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uses light to see very far away

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optical telescope

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uses radio waves and a dish to se far away

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radio telescope

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building with telescopes

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observatory

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Life Science

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Life science is the study of living things.

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Biology

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Biology is the study of life.

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Organism

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An organism may be an animal,a plant, a fungus, or a microbe.

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Structure

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Structure is the way that an organism is put together as a whole.

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Function

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Functions are the proccesses that enable an organism to survive.

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Examples of branches of life science

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Molecular biology, genetics, physiology, ecology, cell biology, plant biology, and microbiology.

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Inquiry

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Inquiry refers to the diverse ways in which scientists investigate the natural world and propose explinations based on evidence they gather.

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Scientific method
(Steps)

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-Question/problem
-Hypothesis
-Data/observations
-Conclusion
-Was your hypothosis correct if not go back to your hypothosis.

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Variable

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Variables are factors that can change ina an experement

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controlled experiments

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an experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time.

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manipulated variable

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The one factor that a scientist changes during an experiment; also called independent variable

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responding variable

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The factor that changes as a reult of changes to the manipulated, or independent, variable in an experiment; also called dependent variable.

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control

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The part of an experiemtn to which you can comopare the results of othe other tests.

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quantititative observations

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An observation that deals with a number or amount.

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qualitative observations

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An obervation that deals with characteristics than cannot be expressed in numbers.

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molecular biology

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study of the chemical buildibng blocks of cells

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genetics

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study of how information about organisms is passed from parent to offspring

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physiology

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study of the structures and functions of organisms

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ecology

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study of how organisms interact with each other and their surroundings

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microbiology

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study of micororganisms such as bacteria, viruses

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Copernicus

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Observed the motions of the planets and the writing of Ptolemy.

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Foucult

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Scientist that created the Foucult Pedulem. Hung a 67 m wire in the dome of the Pantheon in Paris.

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Galileo

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-First person to use a telescope for astronomy
-First to see moons of Jupiter and rings of Saturn
-Tried by Catholic inquisition for promoting the helocentric theory

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Kepler

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-Proved mathmatically that the orbits of the planets are elliptical
-Formulated laws of planetary motion
-Wrote a book called New Astronomy

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Newton

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-Formulated the laws of gravity
-Accoriding to tradition, was inspired by an apple falling from a tree

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Ptolemy

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-Greek philosopher and astronomer who lived in the 2nd centry AD
-Attempted to improve the earth centered theory of the solar system

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Tycho

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-Considered to be the most accurate astronomical observers
-Observed very precise positions of stars and planets

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Parallax

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-An apparent shift in position of an observed object caused by by a change in the point of observation
-Used to measure the distance from the earth to the stars
-Irrefutable proof of earth moving around the sun

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Equator

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The imaginary line in the middle of the earth

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Revolution

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To revolve around a point that does not lie within an object, as a planet around a sun

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Ecliptic

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-The apparent path of the sun among the stars
-Plane of the earth's orbit

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Rotation

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-To spin on an axis that passes through the center of an object

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Equinox

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Either of 2 days during the year when the sun's noon position is directly above the equator
-Day and night are approximately equal in all places of the earth
-There are 2 types of equinoxes, Autumnal and Winter

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Bulge

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The shape of the earth is 43 km longer than it is high.

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Solstice

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-to stand
-the tilting of the earth towards the sun that causes summer and winter
-2 solstices are Summer Solstice and Winter Solstice
-tilting toward the sun causes summer solstice
-tilting away from the sun causes winter solstice

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Inertia

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-The tendency of object in motion to remain in motion in the same direction or if at rest, to remain at rest unless moved by another object
-Depends on the mass (size) of the object hitting it; a fly hitting you is different than a ball hitting you

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Pendulem

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-A weight hanging from a wire so it can swing freely
-One of these is from Houston Museum of Natural Science

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Tropic of Cancer

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-Imaginery line on the earth's surface at 23 1/2 degrees north latitude
-Suns rays hit this directly during the Summer Solstice

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Eccentric

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A circular motion; an off centered circle

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Ptolemaic Theory

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An early, widely held geocentric theory that the earth was the fixed center of the universe and that all celestial bodies revolved around it

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Gravity

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The force that holds the planets in orbit around the sun and the moons in orbrit around the planet

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Copernican Theory

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A sun centered model of the solar system

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How many hours are there between Roman and Jewish time

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6 hours

6AM Roman = 0 Hour Jewish

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What seasons are in the northern hemisphere?

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Autumn
Winter
Spring
Summer

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What are the seasons' proper names?

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Autumnal Equinox
Winter Solstice
Vernol Eqinox
Summer Solstice

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Date when the seasons start?

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Autumn: September 22
Winter: December 21
Spring: March 21
Summer: June 21

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Length of the seasons' days

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Autumnal Equinox: Equal days and nights
Winter Solstice: Longer Night
Vernal Equinox: Equal days and nights
Summer Solstice: Longer Day

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Location of the sun's perpendicular noontime rays

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Autumn: Equator
Winter: Tropic of Capricorn
Spring: Equator
Summer: Tropic of Caner

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Position of the sun in the sky

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Autumn: Middle