Mid Term 2

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

Change in an organism’s behavior or thought as a result of experience

Front 2

Habituation

Back 2

process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli

Front 3

Classical conditioning

Back 3

form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response.

Front 4

Conditioned stimulus

Back 4

initially neutral stimulus

Front 5

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS

Back 5

stimulus that elicits an automatic response

Front 6

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Back 6

automatic response to a non neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned

Front 7

Conditioned response (CR)

Back 7

response previously associated with a non neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning

Front 8

Acquisition

Back 8

Learning phase during which a conditioned response is established (the repeated pairing of UCS and CS, increasing the CR’s strength)

Front 9

Extinction

Back 9

gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus (the CS is presented again and again without the UCS, resulting in the gradual disappearance of the CR.)

Front 10

Spontaneous recovery

Back 10

sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus

Front 11

Renewal effect

Back 11

sudden reemergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquired

Front 12

Stimulus generalization

Back 12

process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response

Front 13

Stimulus discrimination

Back 13

displaying a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus

Front 14

Higher order conditioning

Back 14

developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus

Front 15

Latent inhibition

Back 15

difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned stimulus we’ve repeatedly experienced alone, this is, without the unconditioned stimulus
Fetishism- sexual attraction to nonliving things

Front 16

Fetishism

Back 16

an apparent conditioned response that actually turns out to be an unconditioned response to the conditioned stimulus

Front 17

Pseudoconditioning

Back 17

learning controlled by the consequences of the organism’s behavior

Front 18

Operant conditioning

Back 18

principle asserting if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to elicit the behavior in the future

Front 19

Law of effect

Back 19

grasping the nature of a problem

Front 20

Insight

Back 20

small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised

Front 21

Skinner box

Back 21

small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised

Front 22

Reinforcement

Back 22

outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior

Front 23

Positive reinforcement

Back 23

positive outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior

Front 24

Negative reinforcement

Back 24

removal of a negative outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior

Front 25

Punishment

Back 25

outcome or consequence of a behavior that weakens the probability of the behavior

Front 26

Discriminant stimulus

Back 26

stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement
Partial reinforcement

Front 27

Partial reinforcement

Back 27

only occasional reinforcement of a behavior, resulting in slower extinction than if the behavior had been reinforced continually

Front 28

Schedule of reinforcement

Back 28

pattern of reinforcing a behavior

Front 29

Fixed ratio schedule

Back 29

pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses

Front 30

Fixed interval schedule

Back 30

pattern in which we provide reinforcement for the producing the response at least once following a specified time interval

Front 31

Variable ratio schedule

Back 31

pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average, with the number varying randomly

Front 32

Shaping by successive approximations

Back 32

conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target

Front 33

Premack principle

Back 33

principle that a less frequently preformed behavior can be increased in frequency by reinforcing it with a more frequent behavior

Front 34

Secondary reinforcers

Back 34

neutral objects that people can trade in for reinforces themselves

Front 35

Primary reinforcers

Back 35

items or outcomes that are naturally pleasurable

Front 36

Latent learning

Back 36

learning that’s not directly observable

Front 37

Cognitive maps

Back 37

mental representations of how a physical space is organized

Front 38

Observational learning

Back 38

learning by watching others

Front 39

Mirror neurons

Back 39

cells in the prefrontal cortex that become activated by specific motions when an animal both performs and observes that action

Front 40

Equipotentiality

Back 40

assumption that any conditioned stimulus can be associated equally well with any unconditioned stimulus

Front 41

Preparedness

Back 41

evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairing of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value

Front 42

Instinctive drift

Back 42

tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement

Front 43

Variable interval schedule

Back 43

pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response following an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly