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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is known to cause cervicofacial infections in pts. undergoing dental work?
-Actinomyces israelii -Nocardia asteroides -Candida albicans -Histoplasma capsulatum -Trichophyton rubrum |
Actinomyces israelii
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WHat does Histoplasma capsulatum causes?
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-Causes histoplasmosis, a pulmonary infeciton common in midwestern river valleys. Multiorgan involvement with immunocompromised pt.
-Airborne sproes -Found in bird and bat droppings, soil |
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Nocardia asteroides is an actinomycete that causes what?
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-Chronic lobar pneumonia that may metastasize to the brain.
-Common in immunocompromised pt. -Found soil, aquatic environment |
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What organisms commonly produces a variety of cutaneous mycoses, including tinea corporis (ringworm), tinea cruris (jock itch), tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
-Actinomyces israelii -Nocardia asteroides -Candida albicans -Histoplasma capsulatum -Trichophyton rubrum |
-Trichopython rubrum
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An otherwisxe healthy pt. who has just received a prosthetic aortic valve develops postoperative fever. Blood cultures are done, and she is given broad-spectrum antibiotics. Two days later she is still febrile and clincially deteriorating. Which pathogen?
-Actinomyces israelii -Nocardia asteroides -Candida albicans -Histoplasma capsulatum -Trichophyton rubrum |
Candia albicans: this is why she didn't respond to antibacterial therapy, which is known to promote fungal infection
-Candida tends to colonize foreign bodies (Ex: Forely catheters, prosthetic valves, ventricular shunts). |
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Which of the following viruses is capable of replication in enucleated cells?
-Adenovirus -Cytomegalovirus -Influenza virus -JC virus -Poliovirus |
Poliovirus: most RNA viruses replicate in cytoplasm thus can replciate enucleated cells.
-Poliovirus belong to family Picornaviridae (Viruses are nonenveloped and have an icoahedral nucleocapsid that contains positive -sense RNA. |
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Which of the following RNA viruses ignore the RNA viruses replicating outside. Instead undergo transcription and RNA replication inside nucleus?
-Adenovirus -Cytomegalovirus -Influenza virus -JC virus -Poliovirus |
-Influenza virus (family of Orthomyxoviridae): they eat the capped 5' termina of cellualr RNA for use as primar for mRNA transcription
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Which pathogen arze nonenveloped and have icoshedral nucleocapside that contains a double-stranded linear DNA genome?
-Adenovirus -Cytomegalovirus -Influenza virus -JC virus -Poliovirus |
Adenovirus
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Which pathogen belongs to family Papovaviridae and it is nonenveloped and has an icosahedral nucleocapsid that contains a double-stranded circular DNA genome?
-Adenovirus -Cytomegalovirus -Influenza virus -JC virus -Poliovirus |
JC virus
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For most DNA viruses, transcription and DNA replication occur in the nucleus of the host cell. The exception to this observation is the family _____, which carries out its replicaiton in the cytoplasm.
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-Poxviridae: Variola virus, vaccinia virus, molluscum contagiosum, orf virus
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What causes typhoid fever and it is a gram-negative bacteria?
-Helicobacter jejuni -Salmonella typhi -Shigella species -Vibrio cholerae -Yesinia enterocolitica |
Salmonella typhi
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What causes epidemics of dysentery in military camps and other close quarter areas. It is a gram-negative bacteria?
-Helicobacter jejuni -Salmonella typhi -Shigella species -Vibrio cholerae -Yesinia enterocolitica |
-Shigella species
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What does Vibrio cholerae causes?
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Causes cholera. It is a gram- negative bacteria. Gastroenteritis can occur in the US upon eating improperly cooked seafood from other countries.
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What pathogen is an important causes of hospital-acquired diarrheam especially in immunocompromised individuals?
-Helicobacter jejuni -Salmonella typhi -Shigella species -Vibrio cholerae -Yesinia enterocolitica |
Helicobacter jejuni
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Which of the following organisms would be most likely to cause an outbreak of enteritis in a day care center in US?
-Helicobacter jejuni -Salmonella typhi -Shigella species -Vibrio cholerae -Yesinia enterocolitica |
Yesinia enterocolitica
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What is present in an older women when thre is increased serum levels of Ca and urinary cAMP levels, below normal levels of serum phosphate, and no toerh complaints but weakness?
-A calcitonin-secreting tumor -Primary Hyperparathyroidism -Primary Hypoparathyroidism -Thyrotoxicosis -Vitamin D deficiency |
-Primary Hyperparathyroidism
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What conditions is ass. with hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. Furthermore, urinary cAMP concentration decreased. Also causes tetany?
-A calcitonin-secreting tumor -Primary Hyperparathyroidism -Primary Hypoparathyroidism -Thyrotoxicosis -Vitamin D deficiency |
Primary hypoparathyroidism: Low Ca in extracellular fluid, destablizes excitable tissue membrane and can lead to spontaneous action potential that produce tetany.
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What kind of tumors secrete calcitonin?
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-Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
-Occasionally small and large cell carcinoma |
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What is associated with Thyrotoxicosis?
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-AKA Hyperthyroidism is ass. with sweating, anxiety, heat intolerance, irritability, fatigue, muslce weakness, tachycardia, and warm moist skin.
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What affect does Viatmin D deficiency have on serum Ca?
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Serum Ca decrease b/c of diminished absorption from the diet. PTH secretion is increased to compensate, resutling in bone demineralization (osteomalacia)
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What is at risk to develop when there is substernal burning pain exacerbated by large meals, cigarettes, and caffeine, and laying on the back, especially when sleeping at night, but improved with antacids?
-Cardiac ischemia -Columnar metaplasia of the distal esophagus -Mallory-Weiss lesion in the esophagus -Squamous cell carcinoma -Zenker's diverticulum |
-Columnar metaplasia of the distal esophagus
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What are actual tears of the epithelia of the proximal stomach or distal esophagus as a result of retching, nausea, and vomiting (seen in pt. with anorexia and alcoholism)?
-Cardiac ischemia -Columnar metaplasia of the distal esophagus -Mallory-Weiss lesion in the esophagus -Squamous cell carcinoma -Zenker's diverticulum |
Mallory-Weiss lesions
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Which virus causes pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants?
-Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) -Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) -Epstein-Barr virus -Varicella-Zoster virus |
-Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
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Which of the following a member of the paramyxovirus?
-Respiratory Syncytial virus -Measles virus -Mumps virus -Parainfluenza |
All of the above
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What does parainfluenza viruses cause?
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Croup = Acute laryngotracheobronchitis
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The usual site of latency for the Herpes simplex virus type 2 is?
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-HSV-1: Cranial sensory ganglia (trigeminal)
-HSV-2: Lumbar or sacral sensory ganglia -Varicella-Zoster virus: Cranial or thoracic sensory ganglia -Epstein-Barr virus: B-lymphocytes -CMV: Uncertain |
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What is bacteriophage?
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a virus that infects bacteria
Note: Lytic: virus grow and destory cell -Lysogenic (temperate): virus is intergrates into bactieral chromosome. |
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All of the following statements concerning HSV I are true except:
-Many children have asymtomatic primary infections -may be diagnosed by a Tzanck smear for rapid ID when skin lesions are involved -May involve a primary infection (gingivostomatitis) or a recurrent infection -Can be treated prophylactically by a vaccine. |
-Can't be treated prophylatically by a vaccine
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The leading causes of childhood gingivostomatitis in children ages 1-3:
-Herpes Simplex -Chicken pox -Influenza -Rubella |
-Herpes simplex
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All of the following diseases are associated with adenoviruses except:
-Acute respiratory infections -Acute contagious conjunctivitis (pinkeye) -Generalized systemic disease with a maculopapular rash -Pharyngoconjunctival fever chracterized by fever, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis |
-Generalized systemic disease with a maculopapular rash
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A highly infectious viral disease that chiefly affects children and leads to paralysis muscular atrophy, and foten deformity is called:
-Mumps -Measles -Poliomyelitis -Infectious mononucleosis |
-Poliomyelitis (Polio): caused by poliovirus, which is an enterovirus that affects the anterior horn cells (motor cells) of spinal cord.
Note: Two vaccines: Inactivated Poliovirus vaccine (IPV) Trivalent Live oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) |
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Which of the following DNA enveloped viruses are the largest and most complex?
-Herpes viruses -Hepatitis B virus -Poxviruses |
-Poxviruses
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All of the following statement concerning coxsackieviruses are true except:
-Belong to Picornavirus family -Divided into two Group A and B -Group A: causes herpangina and hand-foot-mouth-disease, Group B: cause pleurodynia, myocarditis, and pericarditis Replicate similar to Poliovirus |
All of the above
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Which of the following is the cause of infectious mononucleosis?
-Streptococci -Epstein-barr virus -Rubella viruses -Paramyxovirus |
-Epstein-Barr virus
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What are three groups of Retrovirus?
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1.Oncovirus: produce leukemias, lymphomas, breast carcinomas, sarcomas
2.Lentivirus: causes AIDS 3. Spumavirus: no known human pathogens Note: Virus infects and kills helper (CD4) T-cells and travel in macrophages |
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Which virus can cause herpes zoster lesions along sensory nerve roots in later life?
-Smallpox virus -Epstein-Barr virus -Varicella-Zoster virus |
-Varicella-Zoster virus: part of herpes virus group: causes disease chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (herpes zoster)
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All of the following statements converning viruses are true except?
-Viral nucleic acid is composed of either DNA or RNA, is encased in a protein called a capsid -Naked or enveloped -Replicate only in living cells -Sensitive to antibiotics -Depend on host for energy production -Cannot be observed with light microscope -Pass through filters that retain bacteria |
-Sensitive to antibiotics
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Which of the following viruses does not cause upper respiratory tract infections, including symptoms of the cmmon cold?
-Paramyxoviruses -Papovaviruses -Coronaviruses -Rhinoviruses -Orthomyxoviruses |
-Papovaviruses: 2 genera of oncogenic DNA viruses: papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses
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German measles is caued by ____ virus (RNA virus)?
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Rubella: Characterized by skin rash with Koplik's spot. Transmitted by respiratory droplets
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What complication can occur with Reye's syndrome in children?
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-Influenza B
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Mumps is caused by an RNA _______ and is transmitted by respiratory droplets.
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-Paramyxovirus
-Symptoms swelling parotid glands, orchitis (swollen testicles), deafness in children. |
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What is the common stages of viral replicaiton include:
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-Attachment
-Penetration -Synthesis -Assembly -Maturation -Release |
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Which growth curve described the lytic reproduction cycle that releases a large number of page simultaneously?
-One-step growth curve -Two-step growth curve -Horizontal growth curve |
One-step growth curve: begins with eclipse period (no compleete phage particles)
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All of the following viruses are paramyxoviruses except:
-Mumps virus -Measles virus -Influenza A, B,C -Respiratory Syncytial virus -Parainfluenza virus |
Influenza A, B, C
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What is the cytophathic effect for paramyxoviruses?
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Syncytia formation: induce cells to form multinucleated giant cells
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Which two of the following herpes viruses do not cuase a vesicular rash, both in primary infections and in reactivations?
-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) -Varicella-zoster virus ( VZV) -Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) -Herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) -CMV |
-Epstein-Barr Virus
-CMV |
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All of the following statements concerning Stap. aureus are true except:
-Gram negative coccus that grow linearly and uncommon bactieral pathogen -Most common cause of suppurative infections invovling the skin, joints, and bones and is leading cause of infective endocarditis -Coagulase postive whereas other Staphylococci are coagulase negative -Prossesses a surface protien (protein A) that binds to Fc receptors to IgG = block complement activation by classical pathway. |
-False: Gram negative coccus that typically grows in linear fashion:
-Gram positive coccus and grows grape-like clusters |
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The erythrogenic exotoxin produced by Streptococcus pyogenese cuases:
-Gas gangrene -Bacterial dysentery -Scarlet fever -Tetanus |
-Scarlet fever
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Clostridium botulinum produces Neurotoxins (A,B,E) causing Botulism through what actions?
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Paralysis, blocks neural transmission
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What organism causes Gas gangrene?
-Clostridium botulinum -Clostridium Perfringens -Clostridium tetani -Staphylococcus aureus |
-Clostridium perfringens: destroys integrity of cell membranes; break down fibrous tissue
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What organism have the following action, spastic paralysis; interferes with motor neurons?
-Clostridium botulinum -Clostridium Perfringens -Clostridium tetani -Staphylococcus aureus |
-Clostridium tetani: Neurotoxin (tetanospasm)
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What is Streptococcus pyogenes known for?
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-Exotoxins: Streptolysin O, S
-Disease:L Rheumatic fever, Scarlet fever -Action: Both cause lysis of rd blood cells and causes symptoms of rheumatic fever |
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Shingella dynsenteriae produces neurotoxin that causes Bacterial dysentery through what action?
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-Hemorrhage, paralysis
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What disease is Staphylococcus aureus ass. with?
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Enterotoxin producing food poisoning
-Intestinal inflammation |
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Members of which species below are predominant in saliva?
-Actinomyces -Veillonella -Streptococcus -Staphylococcus |
-Streptococcus: "viridans" groups of Strepoccoci (salivarius, mitis, sanguis)
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What is the normal microbiota of Genitourinary tract (urethra & vaginal tracts)?
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-Streptococcus, lactobacillus, bacterioides, clostridium
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What is the normal microbiota of GI tract?
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Lactobacillus, streptococcus, cloistridium, veillonella, bacteroides, fusobacterium, escherichia, proteus, klebsiella, enterobacter
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Gamma-hemolytic streptococci can be differentiated from alpha and beta streptococci on blood agar plates by observing:
-A clear zone of hemolysis about the colony with no intact corpuscles -Small colonies surrounded by a greenish discoloration -No hemolysis -Small colonies surrounded by a zone of partial hemolysis and an outer clear zone |
-No hemolysis: some streptococcal species produce hemolysis, cause lysis of RBC, so when grown on blood agar plates, zones of clearing may be seen around colonies but NOT with gamma -Streptococci.
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What superantigen does Streptococcus pyogenes produces?
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Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA)
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Describe and identify the standeard bacterial growth curve?
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-Look like a hill
-A: Lag stage -B: Log stage -C: Stationary stage -D: Death (Decline) stage |
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Endotoxins are the lipopolysaccharide component of the cell wall of:
-Gram-positive bacteria -Gram-negative bacteria -Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria |
-Gram-negative bacteria: b/c the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is part of the bacterial cell structure, called Endotoxin
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Compare Exotoxin and Endotoxin?
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Exotoxin: gram +, _, proteins composed, can have vaccines, very potent, high cell specificity
Endotoxin: gram -, LPS, no vaccine, less potent, low target cell specificity |
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Endotoxins are:
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-Produced gram-negative bacter and are located in outer membrane of bacteria
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Which bacteri a is a gram-positive coccus that grows in grape-like, irregular clusters in culture?
-Streptococcus -Neisseria -Salmonella -Staphlococcus |
-Staphylooccus: Acute onset food poisoning (due to enterotoxins- toxins specific to cells of intestine)
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What is the uses of Staphylokinase and Streptokinase?
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-Staphylokinase: produced by S. aureus
-Streptokinase: produced by Hemolytic streptococci -cleave plasminogen --> plasmin = liquefaction of fibrin = removal of clot |
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What group of micro-organism occur in the oral cavity most?
-Staphylococcus -Streptococci -Neisseria -Salmonella |
-Streptococci: dental caries (S. mutans), more serous infections causes include pneumonia (S. pneumoniae), Rheumatic fever (S. pyogenes), heart valve (S. viridans)
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What is a STD disease caused by a pathogen of genus Neisseria?
-Meningitis -Gonorrhoeae -Syphilis -Chymidia |
-Meningitis (N. Meningitidis)
-Gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae) |
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What is the genus Salmonella known for?
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-Same family as Escherichia coli, "enteric" bacteria.
-Cause two disease 1. Salmonellosis (enteric fever) (typhoid), Acute gastroenteritis (foodborne infection/ intoxication) |
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The acid-fast stain may be performed on any clincal specimen but is most commonly used in examining sputum for which bacteria?
-Escherichia coli -Strepococcus pneumoniae -Clostridium botulinum -Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
-TB: acid-fast staining is used to DX active TB.
-Class Skin test: if skin reactive to TB (Delayed Hypersensitivity reactions) |
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Hyaluronidase is an enzyme produced by bacteria that digests CT, allowing them to spread through tissues more readily. Species from which bacteria below do NOT porduce this enzyme
-Streptococcus -Clostridium -Staphylococcus -Neisseria |
-Neisseria
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Which of the following bacteria form unusual acids, called MYCOLIC ACID, that are ass. with their cell walls?
-Streptoococci -Lactobacilli -Mycobacteria -Staphylococci |
-Mycobacteria
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What is TUBERCLE or GHON FOCUS?
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-A small, rounded nodule produced by infection w/ M. tuberculosis. It is the "Primary lung lesion" of pulmonary TB
-Mycolic acids is also present in Actinomycetes |
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A gelatinous coat that is often used as an indicator of virulence is called?
-cell wall -capsule -pellicle -plasma membrane |
-Capsule: capsule surrounds the cell wall of certain bacteria and is impot. in protecting the cell against phagocytosis by eukaryotic cells
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A thin murein layer is characteristic of:
-Gram- positive bacterial cell walls -Gram-negative bacterial cell walls -Viral cell walls -Fungal cell walls |
-Gram-negative bacterial cell walls:
-Murein (Peptidoglycan) is the backbone biochemical of bacterial cell wall. |
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Lactobacillus is a part of the group of:
-Irregular, nonsporing, gram-negative rods -Regular, nonsporing, gram-positive bacteria -Anaeobic, gram-negative cocci -Endospore-forming, gram-positive cocci |
-Regular, nonsporing, gram- positive bacteria
-Most non-sporing bacteria ferment glucose -->Lactose (Name: lactobacillus), used in dairy production -Lactic acid bacteria include Lactobacillus and Streptococcus |
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What is aciduric?
What is acidogenic? |
Aciduric: bacteria capable of tolerate living under acid conditions
Acidogenic: produce can produce high concentrations of acid (Streptococcus and Lactobacillus) |
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All of the following bacteria have been found to be the principal bacteria ass. with agressive periodontitis except?
-Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (AA) -Capnocytophaga ochraceus -Wolinella recta -Prevotell a intermedius -Eikenella corrodens |
-Wolinella recta
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The symptoms of sepsis include all of the following except:
-Fever -Weakness -Painful urination -Nausea -Vomiting -Diarrhea -Chills |
-Painful urination
-Sepsis: evere illness by overwhelming infection of the blood stream by toxin-producing bacteria. |
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Which of the following bacteria are "facultative anerobic, gram-negative rods"?
-Escherichia -Mycobacterium -Neisseria -Bacteroides |
-Escherichia,
-"Enterobacteriacease" (Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Yersinia, Enterobacter) -"Vibrionaceae (Vibrio) -"Pasteurellas (Hemophilus, Gardnerella, Pasteurella) |
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Groups of Bacteria-1 of 2
-Spirochetes: Treponema, Borrelia -Helical/Vibroid gram negative: Spirilum, Campylobacter, Heliocobacter -Gram negative aerobic rods and cocci: Pseudomonas, Bordetella, Nesseria, Brucella, Legionella -Gram-negative anaerobic rods: Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Prevotella -Endospore forming rods and Cocci: Bacillus, Clostridium -Regular non-spore forming gram-positive rods: Lactobacillus Irregular nonspore forming gram-positive rods : Corynebacterium, Actinomyes |
-Rickettsiae/Chlamydiae: Rickettsia, Coxiella, Chlamyida
-Mycoplasmas: Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma -Gram postive cocci: Staphylococci, Streptococcui, Enterococci, Peptostreptococci -Mycobacteria: Mycobacterium -Actinomycetes: Streptomyces, Nocardia, Rhodococcus |
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All of the following are stages of pahgocytosis except:
-Chemotaxis -Adherence -Transduction -Pseudopodium formation -Phagosome formation -Phago-lysosome formation |
Transduction is not a step in phagocytosis
1. Chemotaxis: movement of cells up a gradient chemotactic factors 2. Adherence: works reasonbly well for whole bacteri or virus and les sfor proteins or encapsulated bacteria 3. Pseudopodium formation: protrusion of membrane to flow around "prey" 4. Phagosome formation: fusion of the pseudopodium with a membrane enclosing the the "prey" = formation of phagosome -Phago-lysosome formation: phagosome moves deeper into the cell and fuses with lysosome, forming phagolysosome |
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During conjugation, what is transferred from the Hfr bacterium to the F- bacterium?
-Sex factor (F factor) -Poriton of the Hfr chromosome -The Sex factor and portions of the Hfr chromosome -Nothing is transferred |
-Portion of Hfr chromosome
-Hfr (high frequency of recombination): is a cell with a F plasmid incorporated into the chromosome. |
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The synthesis of single-stranded RNA (Ribonucleic acid) molecules based on a NDA sequence is called:
-Translation -Transcription -Transduction |
-Transcription: DNA --> RNA
-3 Types of RNA: 1. Ribosomal RNA: combines with proteins to form ribosomes 2. Transfer RNA: transport A.A> to ribosomes for protein assembly 3. Messenger RNA: dictate sequences of A.A. assembly. |
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What is translation?
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-A process wherein information in the form of nitrogenous bases along an mRNA is translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein.
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Transduction
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Is the transfer of DNA via phage particle. Does not require cell to cell contact
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Opsonizaiton of microbial cells by complement is prevent by:
-Peptidoglycans -The capsule -Teichoic acid -Adhesin |
The capsule: prevent firm holds of the bacteria due to slimy capsules, mask receptors to prevent complement to bind.
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Which toxin or enzyme produces by Group A Beta-hemolytic Streptococci (S. pyogenes) activates plasminogen to form plasmin, which dissolves fibrin in clots, thrombi and emboli?
-Streptokinase -Streptodornase -Hyaluronidase -Erythrogenic toxin -Streptolysin O -Streptolysin S -Pyrogenic exotoxin A |
-Streptokinase (fibrinolysin)
-Streptodornase: DNase B: depolymeraize DNA in necrotic tissue -Hyaluronidase: (Spreading factor) degrades hyaluronic acid, which is the ground substance of subcutaneous tissue -Streptolysin O: is a hemolysin that is inactivated by oxidation (O2-labile) -Streptolysin S: is a hemolysin that is not inactivated by oxygen (O2-stable) -Pyrogenic exotoxin A: toxin similar to staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin -Exotoxin B: is a protease that rapidly destorys tissue -Erythrogenic toxin: causes rash of scarlet fever |
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Which two bacteria have been found to be the principal bacteria ass. with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)?
-Streptococcus sanguis -Prevotella intermedia -Spirochetes -Actinomyces israeli -Porphyromonas gingivalis |
-Prevotella intermedia
-Spirochetes -ANUG: anaerobic infection of gingival margin causing ulceration, left untreated destruction of gingiva and underlying bone |
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What immunoglobulin is found in highest concentration in serum samples from pt. with perodontal disease?
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IgG
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All of the following are prokaryotic cells except:
-Bacteria -Mycoplasmas -Fungi -Rickettsia -Chlamydia |
Fungi: prokarytoic cell the nucler is not contained w/in a nucleus and consist of a single circular molecule of loosely organized DNA, lacking nuclear membrane
Proakryotes: ribosomes (70S) Eukaryotic: ribosomes (80S) Virus: are not cells; obligate intracellular parasites. Don't contain RNA or DNA |
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Two different pathways are involved in the metabolism of glucose:
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1. Aerotbic process: Mitochondria and very efficient
2. Anaerobic process: cytoplasm and moderately efficient |
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Describe Staphylococcus aureus?
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-Cannot invade unless begins w/ traumatic inoculation
-Cell wall of S. aureus contains ribitol phosphate teichoic acid -S. aureus infection usually produces suppuration and abscess formation -Can lead to bacterial endocarditis; staphylococcal food poisoning -Catalase-positive -Major virulence factors: Protein A, Beta-lactamase, Enterotoxin, Hyaluroni-hyaluronidase and staphylokinase. |
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What are the Co-agulase-negative staphoylococci (less virulent than S. aureus)?
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-S. epidermis (ass. w/ infection with medical devices)
-S. saprophyticus: AUTI (Acute Urinary tract infections) |
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Steptolysin O and S produced by Streptoccous pyogenes?
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-Causes lysis of red and white blood cells
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Chart #30 Bacteria Major Virulence Factor(s).
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-Strep. pyogenes: Superantigens, Streptolysin O&S: Scarlet Fever rash
-S. aureus: Enterotoxin, TSST: Toxic shock, food poisoing -C. botulinum: Botulinum neurotoxin: Botulism -C. perfringens: Exotoxin: Gas gangrene -C. tetani: Neurotoxin: Tetanus -C. dipthereriae: Diphtheria toxin: Diphtheria (inhibit protein synthesis) -Shigella: Exotoxins: Enterocolitis, Bacterial dysentery - |
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Chart #31 Predominant bacteria on skins
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-Staphylococci:....
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Alpha-hemolytic, B-hemolytic, Gamma-hemolytic
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-Alpha: incomplete hemolysis
-Beta: complete hemolysis -Gamma: no hemolysis |
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Oral Streptococci?
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-Alpha-Hemolytic: (S. viridans, S. mutans, S. sanguis, S. salivarius
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Describe the standard bacterial growth curve?
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-Lag phase
-Log phase -Stationary phase -Decline phase |
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Endotoxins are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of?
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-Gram-negative bacteria only
-Endotoxin: Gram -, Lipopolysaccharides, Part of outer membrane, Low potency, Not released by organisms -Exotoxin: Gram +, protein, extracellular, High potency, Released by organisms. |
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Chart #68 ON Cytokines
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Chart #68 ON cytokines
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Chart #75 ON Role of Interleukins
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Chart #75 On Role of Interleukins
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Chart #80 Lymphocytes
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Chart #80 Lymphocytes
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