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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is unique to poxviridae? |
Virion are exceptionally large in size. Are DNA viruses that carry out replication in the cytoplasm by encoding its own DNA dependent RNA polymerase for transcription. |
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What was the first anti-sense drug to be approved by the FDA? |
Fomivirsen/ Vitravene |
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What is a synthetic nucleoside analog that can be used to treat respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)? |
Ribavirin/ Virazole |
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What is required for viral maturation? |
processing of protein precursors into their final products through protease activity |
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3 mechanisms of virion release from host cell |
-Budding (enveloped viruses) -Cell Lysis (naked viruses) -Exocytosis (naked & enveloped viruses) |
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Types of viral infections |
-Persistent (no cell death): chronic, latent, recurrent, or transforming) -Lytic (cell death) - Abortive (failed infection) |
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An infection that mature virions are not produced |
Abortive infection |
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An infection with rapid onset of a disease period followed by clearance of the virus. Often result in cell death. |
Acute/ Lytic infection |
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An infection with continuous production and shedding of virions; can be lifelong |
Chronic infection |
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An infection with intermittent periods of viral replication and shedding with long periods of dormancy when the virus is not replicating |
Latent infection |
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An infection that causes cells to lose growth control, usually by over expression of growth factors, resulting in uncontrolled growth & division of that cell. Possible tumor formation |
Transforming infection |
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Viral classification sequence: |
-Order (virales) -Family (viridae) -Subfamily (virinae) -Genus (virus) -Species (disease- virus) |
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6 approaches to prevention and control of viral disease: |
-Quarantine -Hygiene & Sanitation -Vector control -Change of lifestyle -Immunization -Antiviral Chemotherapy |
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Acyclovir |
-synthetic acyclic analog of guanosine -acyclovir monophosphate is phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase to triphosphate, then integrates itself into viral DNA and inhibits DNA replication. -Treatment: HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, HSV encephalitis -intravenous to treat immunocompromised patients |
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SITAVIG |
-an antiviral buccal tablet of acyclovir. -applied within an hour of symptom onset -Treatment for recurrent herpes labialis in immunocompetent adults -one Sitavig 50mg buccal tablet is applied as a single dose to the upper gum region with slight pressure for 30 seconds to ensure adhesion -FDA approved April 2013 |
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VariZIG |
-Varicella Zoster Immune Globulin -for Post-Exposure Prophylaxis of varicella zoster (chicken pox) -FDA approved January 2013 |
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Valacyclovir |
- L-valine ester of acyclovir -converted to acyclovir in vivo to inhibit viral DNA replication -Treatment: HSV-1, HSV-2, shingles (VZV), cold sores (herpes labialis) and genital herpes -Advantage: less doses required and higher plasma concentration attained Disadvantage: no IV form available |
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Famciclovir |
-rapidly phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase to penciclovir monophosphate. -Penciclovir inhibits DNA polymerase and thereby viral DNA replication -Treatment: HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV -Used within 48-72 hours of diagnosis and continued for 5-7 days only -Precautions: adjust dosage for patients with renal problems |
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Foscarnet |
-synthetic pyrophosphate analog |
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Trifluridine/ Viroptic |
-fluorinated pyrimidine nucleoside |
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n- Docosanol/ Abreva |
-prevents viral entry Treatment: HSV, respiratory syncytial virus |
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Ganciclovir |
-synthetic purine nucleoside analog -Treatment: CMV, HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, and Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) |
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Valganciclovir |
- L-valine ester of ganciclovir -Treatment: CMV retinitis in AIDS patients |
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Cidofovir |
- synthetic acyclic purine nucleoside - Cidofovir diphosphate inhibits viral DNA synthesis -Treatment: clinical studies on AIDS patients with CMV retinitis with only IV form available |
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Fomivirsen/ Vitravene |
- 1st anti-sense drug to be FDA approved - a single-stranded anti-sense piece of DNA, complementary to a unique sequence within the CMV mRNA -Intravitreal (inside the eye) treatment for CMV-retinitis in AIDS patients |
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Name 3 topical immune modulators |
- Imiquimod
- Interferon-α
- PEG-INF/ Pegasys or Peg-Intron |
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Imiquimod |
- induces cytokines in human peripheral mononuclear blood cells. Stimulates IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF, INF-α - affects both the acquired and innate immune mechanisms -highly effective against genital warts caused by HPV |
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Interferon-α |
- binds specifically to membrane receptors on a cell's surface. Results in inhibition of viral replication due to augmentation of macrophage phagocytic activity and lymphocyte cytotoxicity - FDA approved for treatment of hairy cell leukemia, Kaposi's sarcoma, condyloma acuminata, chronic HBV, chronic HCV infection, and melanoma - many side effects |
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PEG-INF/ Pegasys or Peg-Intron |
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG) increases the half life of INF, and also results in better efficacy and less serious side effects - (when given w/ ribavirin) it is most effective in treating HCV infections |
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Ribavirin (Virazole) |
- synthetic nucleoside analog used to treat respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in children - prevents nucleic acid synthesis - active against RSV, influenza A & B, and HSV - primary toxicity of ribavirin is hemolytic anemia |
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Rebetol (INF-α + Ribavirin) |
- approved for treating HCV infections when INF-α monotherapy has failed - also FDA approved for children ages 3-17 years |
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Name 4 drugs for Influenza treatment |
- Amantadine/ Symmetrel - Rimantadine/ Flumadine - Zanamivir (Relenza) - Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) |
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Amantadine/ Symmetrel |
- synthetic tricyclic amine, effective against influenza A infection - interferes with ion channel function of the M2 protein. Inhibits viral absorption and entry by indirectly acting on viral hemagglutinin - ineffective against influenza B bc it lacks M2 -used for prophylaxis and treatment -used in comb. w/ INF-α for HCV infections |
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Rimantadine/ Flumadine |
- α-methyl derivative of amantadine, effective against influenza A -inhibits viral replication and possibly viral coating -safe for prophylactic use in children >1 year old |
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Zanamivir (Relenza) |
- a neuraminidase inhibitor, which prevents viral replication. FDA approved for influenza A and B for persons >7 years old - Used via inhalation within 48 hrs of symptoms |
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Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) |
-pharmalogically similar to Zanamivir, but structurally different - a prodrug that is hydrolyzed to oseltamivir carboxylate in vivo. - prevents viral replication of influenza A/B by inhibiting viral neuraminidase |
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Name 5 Hepatitis C treatment drugs |
- Victrelis (Boceprevir) - Incivek/ Incivo (Telaprevir) - Olysio (Simeprevir) - Sovaldi (Sofosbuvir) - Harvoni (ledipasvir + sofosbuvir) |
