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265 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the forms in which a virus can be structurally? |
- Naked virus with icosahedral capsid |
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What are the components of a naked virus? |
- Icosahedral capsid |
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What are the components of an enveloped virus? |
- Lipid bilayer + surface protein = envelope |
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What is the term for the exchange of genes between two chromosomes by crossing over within regions of significant base sequence homology? |
Recombination |
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What is the term for when viruses with segmented genomes (eg, influenza viruses) exchange segments (cause of worldwide influenza pandemics)? |
Reassortment |
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What is the term for when 1 of 2 viruses that infect the cell has a mutation that results in a non-functional protein (the non-mutate virus "complements" the mutated one by making a functional protein that serves both viruses)? |
Complementation |
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What is the term for when a cell is infected simultaneously by two viruses and the genome of virus A can be partially or completely coated with surface proteins of virus B? |
Phenotypic mixing |
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What is Recombination? |
Exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes by crossing over within regions of significant base sequence homology |
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What is Reassortment? |
- When viruses with segmented genomes (eg, influenza virus) exchange segments |
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What causes world-wide influenza pandemics? |
Viral reassortment |
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What is Complementation? |
- When 1 of 2 viruses that infect the cell has a mutation that results in a non-functional protein |
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What is Phenotypic Mixing? |
- Occurs with simultaneous infection of a cell with 2 viruses |
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What are the types of viral vaccines? |
- Live attenuated vaccines |
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What is the effect of live attenuated virus vaccines? |
- Induce humoral and cell-mediated immunity |
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What is the effect of killed virus vaccines? |
- Only induce humoral immunity |
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What are the types of live attenuated virus vaccines? |
"Live! One night only! See SMALL YELLOW CHICKENs get vaccinated with SABIN and MMR! It's INcredible!" |
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What are the types of killed viral vaccines? |
SalK = Killed |
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What are the types of recombinant viral vaccines? |
- HBV (antigen = recombinant HBsAg) |
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Which type of vaccine is dangerous for immunocompromised patients or their close contacts? |
Live Attenuated Vaccines |
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Which live attenuated vaccine can be given to HIV-positive patients who do not show signs of immunodeficiency yet? |
MMR = Measles, Mumps, Rubella |
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What are the two types of Polio vaccines? Difference? |
- Sabin = live attenuated vaccine |
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What are the two types of influenza vaccines? Difference? |
- Influenza intranasal = live attenuated vaccine |
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Which types of HPV are in the recombinant vaccine? |
Types 6, 11, 16, and 18 |
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What are the common characteristics of DNA viral genomes? |
- All DNA viruses are dsDNA (except Parvoviridae = "part-of-a-virus" is ssDNA) |
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Which DNA virus is the exception to all DNA viruses being dsDNA? |
Parvovirus = "part-of-a-virus" is ssDNA |
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Which DNA viruses are the exception to all DNA viruses being linear? |
Circular: |
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What are the common characteristics of RNA viral genomes? |
- All RNA viruses are ssRNA (except Reoviridae = "repeato-virus" is dsRNA) |
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Which RNA viruses have positive-stranded RNA? |
I went to a RETRO TOGA party, where I drank FLAVored CORONA and ate HIPPY CALIfornia PICkles |
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What does this mnemonic help you remember: "I went to a RETRO TOGA party, where I drank FLAVored CORONA and ate HIPPY CALIfornia PICkles"? |
These are the positive-stranded ssRNA viruses |
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Purified nucleic acids from what viruses are infectious? |
- Most dsDNA viruses (except poxviruses and HBV) |
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Purified nucleic acids from what viruses are not infectious? Why? |
- Poxvirus and HBV (dsDNA) |
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Where does viral replication occur? |
DNA viruses |
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Which viruses replicate in the nucleus? |
DNA viruses (except poxvirus) |
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Which viruses replicate in the cytoplasm? |
RNA viruses (except influenza and retroviruses) |
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Which viruses are naked (non-enveloped)? |
"Give PAPP smears and CPR to a NAKED HIPPY" |
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How do enveloped viruses acquire their envelopes? |
- From plasma membrane when they exit from the cell |
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What are the DNA viruses? |
HHAPPPPy viruses: |
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What are the general characteristics about DNA viruses? |
- Double stranded (except parvo - "part-of-a-virus" is ssNA) |
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Which of the DNA viruses are enveloped? |
Enveloped have * |
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Which of the DNA viruses are not enveloped? |
Non-enveloped have * |
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Which DNA viruses are DS and linear? |
DS and linear = * |
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Which DNA viruses are DS and circular? |
DS and circular = * |
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Which DNA viruses are SS and linear (-)? |
SS and linear (-) = * |
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Which viruses are enveloped and contain DS/linear DNA? |
*Herpesvirus |
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Which viruses are enveloped and contain DS/circular DNA? |
-Herpesvirus |
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Which viruses are not enveloped and contain DS/linear DNA? |
-Herpesvirus |
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Which viruses are not enveloped and contain SS/linear (-) DNA? |
-Herpesvirus |
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Which viruses are not enveloped and contain DS/circular DNA? |
-Herpesvirus |
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What are the types of Herpesviruses? |
- HSV-1 |
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Which virus causes oral (and some genital) lesions, spontaneous temporal lobe encephalitis, and keratoconjunctivitis? Characteristics? |
HSV-1 (Herpesvirus - enveloped, DS and linear DNA) |
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Which virus causes genital (and some oral) lesions? |
HSV-2 (Herpesvirus - enveloped, DS and linear DNA) |
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Which virus causes chickenpox and zoster (shingles)? |
Varicella Zoster Virus / HHV-3 (Herpesvirus - enveloped, DS and linear DNA) |
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Which virus causes mononucleosis, Burkitt lymphoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma? |
Ebstein-Barr Virus (EBV) / HHV-4 (Herpesvirus - enveloped, DS and linear DNA) |
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Which virus causes infection in immunosuppressed patients (AIDS retinitis), especially transplant recipients and can also cause congenital defects? |
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) / HHV-5 (Herpesvirus - enveloped, DS and linear DNA) |
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Which virus causes roseola (exanthem subitum)? |
HHV-6 and less commonly HHV-7 (Herpesvirus - enveloped, DS and linear DNA) |
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Which virus causes Kaposi sarcoma? |
HHV-8 (Herpesvirus - enveloped, DS and linear DNA) |
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For which Herpesvirus is there a vaccine available? Type? |
VZV / HHV-3 - live attenuated vaccine |
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Which DNA virus causes acute or chronic hepatitis? Is there a vaccine for it? |
HBV (Hepadnavirus - enveloped, partially DS and circular DNA) |
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Which virus can cause febrile pharyngitis (sore throat), acute hemorrhagic cystiits, pneumonia, and conjunctivitis (pink eye)? |
Adenovirus (no envelope, DS and linear DNA) |
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Which virus causes aplastic crises in sickle cell disease, "slapped cheeks" rash in children, hydrops fetalis in fetus, and RBC aplasia and rheumatoid arthritis like symptoms in adults? |
Parvovirus B19 (no envelope, SS and linear (-) DNA) |
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Which virus causes warts? |
HPV - strains 1, 2, 6, and 11 |
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Which virus causes CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) and cervical cancer? |
HPV - strains 16 and 18 |
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Which virus causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in HIV patients? |
JC virus (type of Polyomavirus - no envelope, DS and circular DNA) |
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Which virus commonly targets the kidneys in transplant patients? |
BK virus (type of Polyomavirus - no envelope, DS and circular DNA) |
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Which virus, although eradicated, could be used in germ warfare? |
Smallpox (poxvirus - enveloped and DS, linear - largest DNA virus) |
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Which virus is associated with "milkmaid blisters"? |
Cowpox (poxvirus - enveloped and DS, linear - largest DNA virus) |
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Which virus is associated with flesh-colored dome lesions with a central umbilicated dimple? |
Molluscum contagiosum (poxvirus - enveloped and DS, linear - largest DNA virus) |
|
What is the medical importance of Hepadnavirus? |
HBV: |
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What is the medical importance of Adenovirus? |
- Febrile pharyngitis - sore throat |
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What is the medical importance of Parvovirus? |
B19 virus |
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What is the medical importance of Papillomaviruses? |
HPV |
|
What is the medical importance of Polyomaviruses? |
JC Virus: |
|
What is the medical importance of Poxviruses? |
Smallpox |
|
What diseases/symptoms can HSV-1 cause? |
- Gingivostomatitis: inflammation of mouth and lips |
|
How is HSV-1 spread? |
Spread via respiratory secretions and saliva |
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What diseases/symptoms can HSV-2 cause? |
- Herpes genitalis: cold sores on genitals |
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How is HSV-2 spread? |
Sexual contact or perinatally |
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What diseases/symptoms can HHV-3 cause? |
Varicella Zoster virus |
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How is VZV / HHV-3 transmitted? |
Respiratory secretions |
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What diseases/symptoms can HHV-4 cause? |
Ebstein-Barr Virus |
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How is EBV / HHV-4 transmitted? |
Respiratory secretions and saliva |
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What cells are affected by EBV / HHV-4? |
- B cells are infected |
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How do you detect infection of EBV / HHV-4 (eg, mononucleosis)? |
Monospot test: heterophile antibodies detected by agglutination of sheep or horse RBCs |
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What diseases/symptoms can HHV-5 cause? |
Cytomegalovirus |
|
How do you diagnose HHV-5 / CMV infection? |
Infected cells have characteristics "owl eye" inclusions |
|
How is HHV-5 / CMV transmitted? |
- Congenitally |
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What diseases/symptoms can HHV-6 cause? |
Roseola |
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How is HHV-6 (Roseola) transmitted? |
Saliva |
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What diseases/symptoms can HHV-8 cause? |
Kaposi Sarcoma |
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How is HHV-8 (Kaposi Sarcoma) transmited? |
Sexual contact |
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Which Herpesviruses are latent in certain cells? Which cells? |
- HSV-1: latent in trigeminal ganglia |
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What does this image show? Sign of? |
Keratoconjunctivitis (inflammation of cornea and conjunctiva) |
|
What does this image show? Sign of? |
Herpes Labialis |
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What does this image show? Sign of? |
Herpes genitalis |
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What does this image show? Sign of? |
Shingles (VZV was latent in dorsal root) |
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What does this image show? Sign of? |
Atypical lymphocytes are reactive cytotoxic T cells |
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What does this image show? Sign of? |
"Owl eye" inclusions |
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What does this image show? Sign of? |
Diffuse macular rash = Roseola |
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What does this image show? Sign of? |
Dark / violaceous flat and nodular skin lesions representing endothelial growths |
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How do you diagnose infection with HSV? |
- Viral culture for skin / genitalia |
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What does this image show? Sign of? |
Positive Tzanck smear in genital herpes (HSV-2) |
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What are the types of RNA viruses? |
- Reovirus |
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Which RNA viruses are enveloped? |
*Enveloped |
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Which RNA viruses are not enveloped? |
* Not enveloped |
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Which RNA viruses are DS? |
DS = * |
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Which viruses are (+) linear ssRNA? |
+ssRNA = * |
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Which viruses are (-) linear ssRNA? |
(-) ssRNA, linear = * |
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Which viruses are (-) circular ssRNA? |
(-) ssRNA, circular |
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Which RNA viruses are icosahedral? |
* Reovirus |
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Which RNA viruses are helical? |
- Reovirus |
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What are the types of Reoviruses? |
- Coltivirus |
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What is the #1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children? |
Rotavirus (Reovirus - no envelope, DS linear, icosahedral (double)) |
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What is the medical importance of the Coltivirus? |
- Causes Colorado Tick Fever |
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What is the medical importance of the Rotavirus? |
- #1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children |
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What are the types of Picornaviruses? |
PERCH: |
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What is the medical importance of the Poliovirus? |
Causes Polio |
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What is the medical importance of the Echovirus? |
Causes aseptic meningitis |
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What is the medical importance of Rhinovirus? |
"Common cold" |
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What is the medical importance of the Coxsackievirus? |
- Aseptic meningitis |
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What is the medical importance of the HAV? |
Causes Acute Viral Hepatitis |
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What is the medical importance of the Hepevirus family? |
- Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) |
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What is the medical importance of the Calicivirus family? |
Norovirus - viral gastroenteritis |
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What are the types of Flaviviruses? |
- HCV |
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What are the characteristics of Flaviviruses? |
- Envelope |
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What is the medical importance of Togaviruses? Characteristics? |
- Rubella |
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What is the medical importance of Retroviruses? Types? Characteristics? |
- Have reverse transcriptase |
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What is the medical importance of Coronaviruses? Characteristics? |
- Common cold |
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What is the medical importance of Orthomyxoviruses? Characteristics? |
Influenza Virus |
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What is the medical importance of Paramyxoviruses? Characteristics? |
PaRaMyxovirus: |
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What does RSV cause? Treatment? Characteristics? |
- Causes bronchiolitis in babies |
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What is the medical importance of Rhabdoviruses? Characteristics? |
Rabies |
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What is the medical importance of Filoviruses? Characteristics? |
Ebola / Marburg hemorrhagic fever (often fatal) |
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What is the medical importance of Arenaviruses? Characteristics? |
- LCMV: Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus |
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What is the medical importance of Bunyaviruses? Characteristics? |
- California encephalitis |
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What is the medical importance of Delta Virus? Characteristics? |
- HDV: defective virus that requires HBV co-infection |
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What are the negative stranded viruses? What do they require? |
Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication |
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What are the segmented viruses? How many segments? |
All are RNA viruses: BOAR |
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What are the Picornaviruses? |
PERCH on a "Peak" (PICO) |
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What is unique about Picornaviruses? |
- Small RNA virus |
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What are the characteristics of Rhinovirus? What does it cause? |
Picornavirus - non-enveloped RNA virus |
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What family of virus is Yellow Fever Virus? How is it transmitted? Symptoms? |
Flavivirus (also an arbovirus - transmitted by Aedes mosquitos) |
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Which virus causes high fever, black vomitus, and jaundice? |
Yellow Fever Virus (type of flavivirus) |
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What is the most important global cause of infantile gastroenteritis? Characteristics? |
Rotavirus = Right Out The Anus |
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What is the mechanism of action of Rotavirus? Implications? |
- Villous destruction with atrophy leads to decreased absorption of Na+ and loss of K+ |
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What type of virus is Influenza Virus? Characteristics? |
Orthomyxovirus |
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What antigens are on influenza viruses? Actions? |
- Hemagglutinin - promotes viral entry |
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Which protein on influenza virus promotes viral entry? |
Hemagglutinin |
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Which protein on influenza virus promotes progeny virion release? |
Neuraminidase |
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Patients infected with the influenza virus are at risk for what? |
Fatal bacterial superinfection |
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What are the types and characteristics of the influenza vaccines? |
- Reformulated vaccine ("the flu shot" contains the viral strains most likely to appear during the flu season |
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What are the types of genetic changes to the influenza vaccine? Which is more serious? |
- Genetic shift / antigenic shift |
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What does genetic SHIFT of influenza viruses cause? |
Pandemics |
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What does genetic DRIFT of influenza viruses cause? |
Epidemics |
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What kind of virus is Rubella? What disease does it cause? |
Togavirus |
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What are the impacts of Rubella (togavirus) if acquired congenitally? |
Serious congenital disease (a ToRCHeS infection): |
|
What are the types of Paramyxoviruses? |
- Parainfluenzae |
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Which virus causes croup - seal-like barking cough? |
Parainfluenza (type of paramyxovirus) |
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Which virus causes respiratory tract infections (bronchiolitis, pnuemonia) in infants? |
RSV (type of paramyxovirus) |
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What are the characteristics of all paramyxoviruses? |
- Contain surface F (fusion) proteins |
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Which drug can prevent pneumonia caused by RSV infection in premature infants? Mechanism? |
Palivizumab - monoclonal antibody against F protein |
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Which virus causes Koplik spots (left) and a descending maculopapular rash (right) |
Measles virus (a paramyxovirus) |
|
What are the characteristic symptoms of Measles infection? |
- Koplik spots - bright red spots with blue-white center on buccal mucosa that precedes measles rash by 1-2 days (left) |
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What are the possible sequelae of Measles infection? |
- SSPE: Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (occurs years later) |
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What can be used to prevent severe exfoliative dermatitis in malnourished children with Measles? |
Vitamin A |
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Which virus causes Parotitis (picture), Orchitis (inflammation of testes), and aseptic Meningitis? |
Mumps virus (a type of paramyxovirus) |
|
What are the symptoms of Mumps? |
Mumps makes your parotid glands and testes as big as POM-poms |
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Which virus is bullet-shaped? |
Rabies virus |
|
What cells are affected by the Rabies virus? |
Rabies virus characteristically infects Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and neurons in the hippocampus |
|
What are the symptoms of Rabies Virus? |
- Long incubation period (weeks to months) before onset of symptoms |
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From which animals is it more common to acquire Rabies virus? |
Bat, raccoon, and skunk bites more common than dog bites in US |
|
What is the pathophysiology of Rabies virus? |
Virus travels to the CNS (Purkinje cells of cerebellum and hippocampal neurons) by migrating in a retrograde fashion up nerve axons |
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How should you treat a patient you think may be exposed to Rabies virus? |
- Wound cleansing |
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What are the types of Hepatitis viruses? Virus family? DNA/RNA? |
- HAV: RNA picornavirus |
|
How are the Hepatitis viruses transmitted? |
- HAV: fecal-oral |
|
What are the signs and symptoms of ALL hepatitis viruses? |
- Episodes of fever |
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Which Hepatitis viruses require a carrier? |
HBV, HCV, HDV |
|
What is the relative incubation time for the Hepatitis viruses? |
- HAV: short (weeks) |
|
Which Hepatitis viruses have risk for progressing to hepatocellular carcinoma? How? |
- HBV (integrates into host genome, acts as oncogene |
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What are the characteristics of HAV? |
- RNA picornavirus |
|
What are the characteristics of HBV? |
- DNA hepadnavirus |
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What are the characteristics of HCV? |
- RNA flavivirus |
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What are the characteristics of HDV? |
- RNA delta virus |
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What are the characteristics of HEV? |
- RNA hepevirus |
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What does it mean if your patient has anti-HAV (IgM)? |
Best test to detect active Hepatitis A infection |
|
What does it mean if your patient has anti-HAV (IgG)? |
Indicates prior HAV infection and/or prior vaccination; protects against re-infection |
|
What does it mean if your patient has HBsAg? |
Indicates hepatitis B infection (antigen found on surface of HBV) |
|
What does it mean if your patient has anti-HBs? |
Indicates immunity to Hepatitis B (antibody to HBsAg) |
|
What does it mean if your patient has anti-HBc (IgM)? |
Acute / recent infection with HCV (antibody to HBcAg) |
|
What does it mean if your patient has anti-HBc (IgG)? |
Prior exposure to HCV or chronic infection |
|
What does it mean if your patient has HBeAg? |
Active viral replication and therefore high transmissibility |
|
What does it mean if your patient has anti-HBe? |
Low transmissibility |
|
What is the best serologic marker to detect active Hepatitis A infection? |
Anti-HAV (IgM) |
|
What is the serologic marker that indicates prior HAV infection and/or prior vaccination? |
Anti-HAV (IgG) |
|
Which serologic marker protects against reinfection of HAV? |
Anti-HAV IgG |
|
Which serologic marker indicates hepatitis B infection? |
HBsAg |
|
Which serologic marker indicates immunity to Hepatitis B infection? |
Anti-HBs |
|
Which serologic marker is associated with the core of HBV? |
HBcAg |
|
Which serologic marker indicates acute / recent infection with HBV? |
Anti-HBc IgM |
|
Which serologic marker indicates prior exposure or chronic infection with HBV? |
Anti-HBc IgG |
|
Which serologic marker is positive during the window period of HBV infection? |
- Anti-HBc (IgG and IgM) |
|
Which serologic marker indicates active viral replication and high transmissibility of HBV? |
HBeAg |
|
Which serologic marker indicates low transmissibility of HBV? |
Anti-HBe |
|
When is the ratio of ALT > AST? |
Viral hepatitis |
|
When is the ratio of AST > ALT? |
Alcoholic hepatitis |
|
Which serologic markers are present during Acute HBV? What do these markers mean? |
- HBsAg: hepatitis B infection |
|
Which serologic markers are present during the window period of HBV infection? What do these markers mean? |
- Anti-HBe: low transmissibility |
|
Which serologic markers are present during Chronic HBV (high infectivity)? What do these markers mean? |
- HBsAg: hepatitis B infection |
|
Which serologic markers are present during Chronic HBV (low infectivity)? What do these markers mean? |
- HBsAg: hepatitis B infection |
|
Which serologic markers are present during Recovery from HBV? What do these markers mean? |
- Anti-HBs: immunity to HBV |
|
Which serologic markers are present if immunized to HBV? What do these markers mean? |
Anti-HBs: indicates immunity to HBV |
|
What kind of virus is HIV? |
Retrovirus |
|
What are the structural genes (proteins coded for) by HIV? |
- env (gp120 and gp41) |
|
What does the "env" gene by HIV code for? |
gp120 and gp41 |
|
What does the "gag" gene by HIV code for? |
p24 |
|
What does the "pol" gene by HIV code for? |
- Reverse transcriptase |
|
Which HIV gene/protein is responsible for attachment to host CD4+ T cell? |
gp120 glycoprotein |
|
Which HIV gene/protein is responsible for fusion and entry? |
gp41 glycoprotein |
|
Which HIV gene/protein is the capsid protein? |
p24 protein |
|
Which HIV gene encodes reverse transcriptase, aspartate protease, and integrase? |
"pol" gene |
|
What is the function of Reverse Transcriptase in HIV? |
- Synthesizes dsDNA from RNA |
|
What does HIV bind on T cells? |
- CCR5 co-receptor (early) OR CXCR4 co-receptor (late) |
|
What does HIV bind on macrophages? |
- CCR5 co-receptor |
|
What can give someone immunity to HIV? How? |
Homozygous CCR5 mutation (usually the virus will bind this co-receptor on T cells and macrophages) |
|
What can give someone a slower course of HIV? How? |
Heterozygous CCR5 mutation (usually the virus will bind this co-receptor on T cells and macrophages) |
|
How do you make an initial diagnosis of HIV infection? |
ELISA - sensitive, so it rules out (SNOUT) but has a high false-positive rate and low threshold |
|
How do you make a confirmatory diagnosis of HIV infection? |
Western Blot assay confirms positive ELISA results |
|
How can you determine the amount of HIV RNA in the plasma? Implications of this test? |
HIV PCR / viral load test |
|
How do you diagnose AIDS? |
≤ 200 CD4+ cells / mm3 |
|
What is the use of ELISA and Western Blot tests for HIV? |
Looks for antibodies to viral proteins |
|
What are the four stages of untreated HIV infection? |
Four F's: |
|
What happens during the latent phase of HIV infection? |
Virus replicates in the lymph nodes |
|
What happens to the CD4+ T-cell count during an HIV infection? |
Red line |
|
What happens to the HIV RNA copies / mL plasma during an HIV infection? |
Blue line |
|
What pathogen(s) cause a systemic presentation in HIV-positive adults? |
Histoplasma capsulatum |
|
What pathogen(s) cause a dermatologic presentation in HIV-positive adults? |
- Candida albicans |
|
What pathogen(s) cause a gastrointestinal presentation in HIV-positive adults? |
Cryptosporidium species |
|
What pathogen(s) cause a neurologic presentation in HIV-positive adults? |
- Toxoplasma gondii |
|
What pathogen(s) cause an oncologic presentation in HIV-positive adults? |
- EBV |
|
What pathogen(s) cause a respiratory presentation in HIV-positive adults? |
- CMV |
|
Which pathogen causes low-grade fevers, cough, hepatosplenomegaly, and tongue ulcers in HIV-positive adults? Lab findings? Other? |
Histoplasma capsulatum |
|
Which pathogen causes fluffy white cottage-cheese lesions in HIV-positive adults? Lab findings? Other? |
Candida albicans |
|
Which pathogen causes hairy leukoplakia in HIV-positive adults? Findings? Other? |
Ebstein Barr Virus (EBV) |
|
Which pathogen causes superficial vascular proliferation in HIV-positive adults? Lab findings? Other? |
Bartonella henselae |
|
Which pathogen causes chronic, watery diarrhea in HIV-positive adults? Lab findings? Other? |
Cryptosporidium species |
|
Which pathogen causes abscesses in HIV-positive adults? Lab findings? Other? |
Toxoplasma gondii |
|
Which pathogen causes dementia in HIV-positive adults? Other? |
Directly associated with HIV |
|
Which pathogen causes encephalopathy in HIV-positive adults? Lab findings? Other? |
JC virus reactivation |
|
Which pathogen causes meningitis in HIV-positive adults? Lab findings? Other? |
Cryptococcus neoformans |
|
Which pathogen causes retinitis in HIV-positive adults? Lab findings? Other? |
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) |
|
Which pathogen causes non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (large cell type) in HIV-positive adults? Findings? Other? |
May be associated with EBV |
|
Which pathogen causes primary CNS lymphoma in HIV-positive adults? Findings? Other? |
Often associated with EBV |
|
Which pathogen causes squamous cell carcinoma in HIV-positive adults? Findings? Other? |
HPV |
|
Which pathogen causes Superficial Neoplastic Proliferations of Vasculature in HIV-positive adults? Findings? Other? |
HHV-8 (Kaposi Sarcoma) |
|
Which pathogen causes interstitial pneumonia in HIV-positive adults? Findings? Other? |
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) |
|
Which pathogen causes pleuritic pain and hemoptysis in HIV-positive adults? Findings? Other? |
Aspergillus fumigatus |
|
Which pathogen causes pneumonia with a ground-glass appearance on imaging of lungs in HIV-positive adults? Lab findings? Other? |
Pneumocystis jirovecii |
|
Which pathogens cause pneumonia in HIV-positive adults? Findings? Other? |
- CMV: interstitial pneumonia, biopsy shows intranuclear (owl eye) inclusion bodies |
|
Which pathogen causes tuberculosis like disease in HIV-positive adults? Lab findings? Other? |
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (aka Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC)) |
|
What are the types of prion diseases? |
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sporadic form) |
|
What is the cause of prion diseases? |
Conversion of normal (predominantly α-helical) protein termed prion protein (PrP-c) to a β-pleated form (PrP-sc) which is transmissible |
|
What accumulates in patients with prion diseases? Characteristics? |
PrP-sc (β-pleated form of proteins) |
|
What are the results of accumulation of PrP-sc in patient with prion diseases? |
- Spongiform encephalopathy |
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Which form of prion disease is sporadic? |
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (rapidly progressive dementia) |
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Which form of prion disease is inherited? |
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Syndrome |
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Which form of prion disease is acquired? |
Kuru |