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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Main Viral Structures?
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Naked Icosahedral
Enveloped Icosahedral Enveloped Helical |
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What makes up a Naked Icosahedral?
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not much
just a nucleo-capsid and a nucleic acid |
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what is Viral Recombination?
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exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes via crossing over
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what is Viral Reassortment?
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When viruses w/ segmented genomes (e.g. influenza virus) exchange sequences.
Causes High frequency recomb--->worldwide influenza pandemics |
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What is viral complementation?
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When 1 of 2 viruses infecting a cell has a mutation resulting in a nonfunctional protein. The nonmutated virus "complements" the other virus by making a functional protein they can both use
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What is Viral Phenotype Mixing?
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When 2 viruses infect a cell and the genome of one virus (A) is coated w/ the proteins of the other virus (B). The progeny end up with the first virus (A) genetic material, but the infectivity is determined by the coat (B)
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Main difference between Live Attenuated vaccines and Killed vaccines?
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Live, Attenuated induce Humoral AND Cell-Mediated immunity (can also lead to virulence rarely)
Killed vaccines only induce humoral response, but they are stable No boosters for Live, Attenuated Live, Attenuated is bad for immunocomp. |
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Which vaccines that we get are Live, Attenuated?
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MMR
Sabin polio VZV Yellow Fever smallpox |
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Which vaccines that we get are Killed?
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Rabies
Influenza Salk Polio Hep A |
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Which are Recombinant vaccines?
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Hep B
HPV (6,11,16,18) |
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DNA viruses are single stranded or double?
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All are dsDNA except for ssDNA: Parvoviridae (parvo virus)
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All DNA viruses are linear except....?
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Papilloma
Polyoma Hepadnaviruses |
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what shape are hepadnaviruses?
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Circular
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Are RNA viruses single or double stranded?
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All are ssRNA viruses except for Reoviridae (dsRNA)
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Which types of Naked Viral Genomes are Infectious?
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most dsDNA (except poxviruses and HBV)
(+) strand ssRNA dsRNA and (-)ssRNA are not infectious The non-infectious ones require enzymes contained in the complete virion |
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What's up w/ Virus Ploidy?
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All are Haploid (1 copy of DNA or RNA)
except: Retroviruses which have 2 identical ssRNA molecules (that's kinda diploid) |
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Where do viruses Replicate? exceptions?
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DNA viruses in the nucleus (except poxvirus)
RNA viruses in cytoplasm (except influenza and retro) |
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Who are the main Naked viruses?
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Naked CPR and PAPP smear
Calicivirus Picornavirus Reovirus Parvovirus Adenovirus Papilloma Polyoma |
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How do enveloped cells get their envelopes? exception?
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They get it from the plasma membrane when they exit the cell
Exception: Herpesvirus: gets it from nuclear membrane |
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Who are the Herpesviruses?
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HSV 1 and 2
VZV CMV EBV |
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Who are the Enteroviruses?
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Poliovirus
Coxsackievirus Echovirus HAV |
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Who are the RNA Enveloped Viruses?
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Influenza
Parainfluenza RSV MMR Rabies HTLV HIV |
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Who are the RNA nucleocapsid viruses?
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Enteroviruses
Rhinovirus Reovirus (rota) |
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Who are the DNA Enveloped Viruses?
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Herpesviruses
HBV Smallpox |
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Who are the DNA nucleocapsid viruses?
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Adenovirus
Papillomaviruses Parvovirus |
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The 5 general rules of DNA Viruses?
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1. They're HHAPPPPy
2. double stranded (except parvo) 3. Linear (except papilloma, polyoma, hepadna) 4. Icosahedral (except pox) 5. Replicate in Nucleus (except pox) |
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What does HHAPPPPy stand for?
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Hepadna
Herpes Adeno Pox Parvo Papilloma Polyoma |
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If Pox doesn't replicate in the nucleus, then how does it replicate?
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It carries its own DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
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Different presentation between HSV 1 and 2?
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1 is oral and eye
2 is gential |
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What is EBV associated w/?
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Mono
Burkitt's Lymphoma |
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Which HHV's are important and what do they cause?
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HHV-6 = roseola (exanthem subitum)
HHV-8 = Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) |
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What the crap is Hepadnavirus?
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Hep B
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What does Adenovirus cause?
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Febrile Pharyngitis
Pneumonia Conjunctivitis (pink eye) |
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What does Parvovirus cause?
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Parvo B19-->
Aplastic crises in sicklers Slapped Cheeks rash (i.e. erythema infectiosum/fifth disease) Hydrops fetalis |
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what is hydrops fetalis?
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Fetal edema resulting from heart failure
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Main Polyoma virus and what it causes?
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JC Virus
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML in HIV pts |
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What are the different poxviruses and what do they cause?
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Smallpox
Cowpox = vaccinia --> milkmaid blisters Molluscum contagiosum |
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What is the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis in the U.S.?
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HSV-1
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How is HSV-1 Tx?
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Resp. secretions
Saliva |
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Who causes Neonatal herpes?
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HSV-2
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Who remains dormant in trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia?
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VZV
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How is VZV Tx?
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Resp Secretions
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How is EBV Tx?
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Resp. secretions
saliva |
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What if you have mono, but a negative Monospot?
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Its caused by CMV instead of EBV
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Characteristic histo appearance of CMV?
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Owl's Eye appearance
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Tx of CMV?
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congenital
Transfusion Sexual Saliva Urine Transplant geez |
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Tx of HHV8 (kaposi)?
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Sexual contact
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How do you test for HSV?
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Tzanck test = smear of open vesicle. assay for 1, 2, or VZV
Also Cowdry A inclusions |
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What type of cells does EBV infect?
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B cells---> abnormal circulating cytotoxic T cells
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How does a monospot test work?
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Heterophile Antibodies detected by agglutination of sheep RBC's
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Who are the Reoviruses and what do they cause?
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Reovirus--->Colorado Tick Fever
Rotavirus = #1 fatal cause of diarrhea in kids |
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Who are the Picornaviruses?
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Poliovirus
Echovirus (aseptic meningitis) Rhinovirus (common cold) Coxsackievirus HAV (acute viral hepatitis) |
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What the hell is Hepevirus?
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HEV
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What is the specific Calicivirus and what does it cause?
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Norwalk Virus ---> viral gastroenteritis
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What diseases are caused by Flaviviruses?
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HCV
Yellow fever Dengue St. Louis encephalitis West Nile |
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Who are the Togaviruses?
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Rubella
Easter Equine Encephalitis Western Equine Encephalitis |
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What do retroviruses cause?
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HIV--->AIDS
HTLV--->T-cell Leukemia |
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What disease are caused by Coronaviruses?
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common cold
SARS |
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Who are the Orthomyxoviruses?
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Influenza virus
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Who are the paramyxoviruses and what do they cause?
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Parainfluenza--->croup
RSV--->bronchiolitis in babies Rubeola--->measles Mumps |
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Rx for RSV?
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Ribavirin
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What diseases do Rhabdoviruses cause?
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rabies
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What diseases do Filoviruses cause?
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Ebola/Marburg hemorrhagic fever
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what does Deltavirus cause?
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HDV
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Who are the Negative Stranded Viruses and what does that mean?
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Must transcribe negative strand to positive. Virion brings its own RNA-dep RNA polymerase
Arenavirus Bunyavirus Paramyxovirus Orthomyxovirus Filovirus Rhabdovirus Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication |
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Who are the Segmented Viruses?
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All RNA viruses
BOAR Bunyavirus Orthomyxovirus Arenavirus Reovirus |
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Tx of Yellow Fever (flavivirus)?
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Aedes mosquitos
has a monkey or human reservoir |
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Yellow Fever Sx's?
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High Fever
Black Vomitus Jaundice |
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histo sign of Yellow Fever?
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Councilman Bodies (acidophilic inclusions) may be seen in liver
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How does Rotavirus cause so much daggum diarrhea?
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Villous destruction w/ atrophy ---> dec absorption of Na and H2O
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What do Influenza viruses contain that make them extra bad?
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Hemagglutinin ---> viral entry
Neuraminidase--->progeny virion release |
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What's up w/ Genetic Shift and Drift?
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Shift = reassortment ---> pandemics
Drift = minor antigenic drift--->epidemic |
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What is diagnostic for Measles?
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Koplik Spots
red spots w/ blue-white center on buccal mucosa |
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Possible sequelae of Measles?
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SSPE
Encephalitis Giant Cell Pneumonia (immunocomp) |
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How does the Measles rash spread?
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head ===> toe
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3 C's of Measles?
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Cough
Coryza = head cold Conjunctivitis |
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Sx's of Mumps?
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Mumps makes your parotid glands and testes as big as POM-poms
Parotitis Orchitis (can--->sterility) aseptic Meningitis |
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Histo Kicker for Rabies?
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Negri Bodies = cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons
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Sx's of Rabies infection?
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Incubates for weeks--->months = time for vaccination
Fatal encephalitis w/ seizures Hydrophobia Hypersalivation Pharyngeal spasm |
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Tx of Rabies?
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Bat
Raccoon Skunk more rarely dog |
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What are Arboviruses?
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ARthropod BOrne viruses, i.e. they're transmitted by arthropods (skeeters, ticks)
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Who are the Arboviruses?
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Flavivirus
Togavirus Bunyavirus |
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Who are the Hepatitis Viruses and which families are they in?
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HAV (RNA picornavirus)
HBV (DNA hepadnavirus) HCV (RNA flavivirus) HDV (delta agent) HEV (RNA Hepevirus) |
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Which hepatitis viruses are Tx by F-O Route?
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The vowels hit your bowels
A and E |
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Three A's of Hep A?
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Asymptomatic (usually)
Acute Alone (no carriers) |
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How is HBV Tx?
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Blood Borne = parenteral, sexual, maternal-fetal
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What's up w/ HBV's complicated replication?
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1. Cellular RNA Pol transcribes RNA from viral DNA
2. Reverse Transcriptase makes DNA from new RNA 3. BUT its virus as a whole is still DNA dep b/c the Virion Enzyme is a DNA dep DNA Pol |
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Tx of HCV?
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Blood borne
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Who gets HCV?
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Transfusion Pts
IVDU's |
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4 C's of HCV?
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Chronic
Cirrhosis Carcinoma Carriers |
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Who are the Chronic Hep causers?
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B
C |
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What's up w/ Hep D?
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Defective virus that requires HBsAg as its envelope, so it needs to coinfect w/ HBV or superinfect (which is bad bad)
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How is HEV Tx?
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Enterically
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So C looks like B...who does E look like?
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A
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When is HEV super bad?
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Pregnant women = high mortality rate
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What do HBV and HCV predispose you to?
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Chronic Hep
Cirrhosis Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
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Who are the Hep A serological markers and what are their significance?
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IgG HAVAb = indicates prior infection, protective against reinfection
IgM HAVAb = best test for active hep A |
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Who are the Hep B serological Markers?
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HBsAg
HBsAb HBcAg HBcAb HBeAg HBeAb |
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Significance of the HBs's
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HBsAg rises in incubation period and then falls off as acute disease progresses
If it persists = carrier HBsAb = provides immunity to Hep B |
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Significance of the HBc's?
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HBcAg - Ag associated w/ core of HBV
HBcAb - Positive during Window Period IgM HBcAb = recent disease IgG HBcAb = chronic disease |
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Significance of HBe's?
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HBeAg - core Ag. presence = active viral replication = transmissible!
HBeAb = low transmissibility |
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what does the "s" in HBs stand for?
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SURFACE
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So what markers do you have for Acute Disease?
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HBsAg
no HBsAb IgM HBcAb |
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What do you have in Window Phase?
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Just HBcAb
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What markers do you get w/ complete recovery from hep B?
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no HBsAg
HBsAb HBcAb |
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what markers do chronic carriers exhibit?
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HBsAg
no HBsAb HBcAb |
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If you get immunized, what markers do you have?
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HBsAb
that's it |
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What are the important structural proteins for HIV?
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p24 = capsid protein
gp41 and gp120 = envelope proteins |
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How does HIV replicate?
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Reverse transcriptase synthesizes dsDNA from RNA and the dsDNA integrates into host genome
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What does HIV bind to?
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CXCR4 and CD4 on T cells
CCR5 and CD4 on macs |
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How can you be immune to HIV?
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Homozygous CCR5 mutantion
heterozygous--->slower course |
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How do you Dx HIV?
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ELISA first (sensitive, so rules out)
then Western Blot (specific, so rules in) |
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Good HIV monitoring test?
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PCR/viral load tests
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AIDS dx =?
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< 200 CD4 T's
HIV + w/ Dx condition (PCP CD4/CD8 ratio <1.5 |
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4 stages of HIV infection?
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1. Flulike (acute)
2. Feel Fine (latent) 3. Falling count 4. Final crisis |
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What is the virus doing during the latent phase?
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replicating in LN's
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Who goes after the brain in HIV pts?
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Cryptoccocal meningitis
Toxo CMV encephalopathy AIDS Dementia PML (JC virus) |
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Who goes after the eyes in HIV?
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CMV retinitis
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Mouth and Throat issues w/ HIV?
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Candida (thrush)
HSV CMV Oral Hairy Leukoplakia (EBV) |
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Lungs and HIV?
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Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
TB Histoplasmosis |
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GI issues in HIV pts?
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Cryptosporidosis
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex CMV colitis Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (EBV) Isospora belli |
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Skin Issues in HIV pts?
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Shingles (VZV)
Kaposi's Sarcoma (HHV8) |
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Genital issues and HIV?
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Herpes
Wart Cervical Cancer (HPV) |
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Who are the guys who hit HIV pts when CD4 < 50? i.e. the bad guys?
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CMV retinits and esophagitis
disseminated M. avium... Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis |
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Neoplasms Associated w/ HIV?
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Kaposi's Sarcoma (HHV8)
Invasive Cervical Carcinoma (HPV) Primary CNS Lymphoma Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma |
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How does HIV get to the CNS?
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Infected Mac's
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What is seen in the HIV infected CNS?
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Microglial nodules w/ multinucleated giant cells
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What's are Prions?
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Infectious agents w/o RNA or DNA, only proteins
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What diseases are caused by Prions?
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
Kuru Scrapie (sheep) Mad Cow Disease |
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What is CJD characterized by?
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Rapidly Progressive Dementia
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What kind of head issue are Prions associated w/?
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Spongiform encephalopathy
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Normal Prions vs Pathologic Prions?
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Normal have alpha-helix conformation
Pathologic have a beta-pleated sheet conformation ==> resistant to proteinase digestion |
