Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Resistance
|
The ability to ward off disease
|
|
Nonspecific resistance - 1st line
|
intact skin, mucous membranes, normal microbiota
|
|
Nonspecific resistance - 2nd line
|
phagocytic white cells, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial substances
|
|
Specific resistance - 3rd line
|
B cells and T cells, antibodies
|
|
Ciliary escalator
|
keeps mucus blanket moving toward the throat
|
|
Sebum
|
oily substance containing fatty acids, inhibits bacteria
|
|
Lyzozome
|
1. Enzyme capable of breaking down cell walls of gram-positive bacteria
2. Found in tears, saliva, nasal secretions, perspiration |
|
Phagocytosis
|
ingestion of microorganism by a cell
|
|
phagocytes
|
white blood cells or derivatives of white blood cells
|
|
Plasma
|
Contains formed elements (cell and cell fragments)
|
|
Leukocytosis
|
Increase in white blood cells to combat microbes
|
|
Granulocytes
|
-Type of leukocyte
|
|
Neutrophil
|
Type of granulocyte
Most important phagocyte Active in initial stage of infection |
|
Basophil
|
Role not clear
Release substances such as histamine |
|
Eosinophils
|
Somewhat phagocytic
ability to leave blood Produce toxic proteins against certain parasites |
|
Enlarged monocyte
|
Become wandering macrophage and fixed macrophage
|
|
Monocyte
|
predominate as infection subsides
|
|
Lymphocyte
|
T cells and B cells
Occur in lymphoid tissues of lymphatic system - tonsils, spleen, thymus, red bone marrow, blood |
|
Chemotaxis
|
Chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms
|
|
Opsonizations
|
coating microbe w/plasma proteins
facilitates adherence to cell |
|
Phagocytosis steps
|
1. Chemotaxis
2. Ingestion 3. MO surrounded by sac |
|
Pseudopods
|
engulf microorganism
extensions of plasma membrane of phagocyte |
|
Microbial Evasion
|
Bacteria may inhibit adherence
May be ingested but not killed Microbes may survive insiode phagocyte |
|
Inflammation
|
Bodily response to cell damage
Characterized by: 1. Redness 2. Heat 3. Swelling 4. Pain |
|
Vasodilation
|
Dilation of blood vessels
Caused by release of histamine, kinins, and prostaglandins |
|
Histamine
|
released in direct respone to the injury of cells that contain it
|
|
Kinin
|
present in blood plasma
cause vasodilation |
|
Prostaglandins
|
intensify effects of histamine and kininds
|
|
Blood clots and site
|
may form to prevent microbe from spreading
|
|
Margination
|
Phagocytes begin to stick to the inner surface of the endothelium
|
|
Emigration
|
Phagocytes begin to squeeze between the endothelial cells of blood vessel
|
|
Pus
|
Accumulation of damage tissue and dead microbes, granulocytes, and macrophages
|
|
Stroma
|
supporting connecting tissue
|
|
Parenchyma
|
functioning part of tissue
|
|
Stromal repair
|
Done by fibroblasts
Produces scar tissue |
|
Fever
|
induced by bacterial endotoxins and interleukin-1
|
|
Chill
|
Rising body temperature
|
|
Crisis (sweating)
|
Body's temp is falling
|
|
Interferon
|
Antiviral protein produced in response to viral infection
Host specific but not virus specific Effective for only short periods |
|
Types of interferon
|
Alpha, beta, gamma
Also recombant |
|
Complement
|
Defensive system of 30 proteins
In blood serum and tissues |
|
Anti-viral Proteins
|
Enzymes that disrupt various stages of viral multiplication
|
|
Gamma IFN
|
Produced by lymphocytes
Induces neutrophils and macrophages to kill bacteria by phagocytosis |
|
Antigens
|
Substances that provoke specific response
|
|
Immunity
|
Ability of the body to specifically counteract foreign organisms or antigens
|
|
Naturally acquired active immunity
|
Person is exposed to antigens in course of daily life
measles, chicken pox |
|
Naturally acquired passive immunity
|
Transfer of antibodies from mother to infant
|
|
Artifically acquired active immunity
|
Vaccination
|
|
Artifically acquired passive immunity
|
Introduction of antibodies (rather than antigens) into the body
|
|
Antiserum
|
Serum containing antibodies
|
|
Humoral immunity
|
Production of antibodies that act against foreign organisms and substances
B Cells responsible for production of antibodies Defends against bacteria, bacterial toxins |
|
Cell mediated immunity
|
Depends on T Cells
Does not involve antibody production Most effective against bacteria and viruses w/in phagocytic cells, fungi, protozoa, helmiths Primary responder to transplated tissue Defends against cancer |
|
Antigens
|
Proteins, nucleoproteins, lipoproteins
|
|
Antigenic determinant groups
|
Specific regions on surface of antigen where antibodies are formed
|
|
Haptens
|
Small compounds that act as carrier molecules for antigens
|
|
Antigen binding site
|
Sites that bind to antigenic determinants
At least two for each antibody |
|
Antibody monomer
|
Four polypeptide chains - two heavy, two light
|
|
B cells
|
Mature migrate to lymphoid organs
recognizes antigen w/antigen receptors |
|
Activated B cells
|
Produce clone of plasma cells and memory cells
|
|
Plasma cells
|
Secrete antibody
|
|
Naturally acquired active immunity
|
Person is exposed to antigens in course of daily life
measles, chicken pox |
|
Naturally acquired passive immunity
|
Transfer of antibodies from mother to infant
|
|
Artifically acquired active immunity
|
Vaccination
|
|
Artifically acquired passive immunity
|
Introduction of antibodies (rather than antigens) into the body
|
|
Antiserum
|
Serum containing antibodies
|
|
Humoral immunity
|
Production of antibodies that act against foreign organisms and substances
B Cells responsible for production of antibodies Defends against bacteria, bacterial toxins |
|
Cell mediated immunity
|
Depends on T Cells
Does not involve antibody production Most effective against bacteria and viruses w/in phagocytic cells, fungi, protozoa, helmiths Primary responder to transplated tissue Defends against cancer |
|
Antigens
|
Proteins, nucleoproteins, lipoproteins
|
|
Antigenic determinant groups
|
Specific regions on surface of antigen where antibodies are formed
|
|
Haptens
|
Small compounds that act as carrier molecules for antigens
|
|
Antigen binding site
|
Sites that bind to antigenic determinants
At least two for each antibody |
|
Antibody monomer
|
Four polypeptide chains - two heavy, two light
|
|
B cells
|
Mature migrate to lymphoid organs
recognizes antigen w/antigen receptors |
|
Activated B cells
|
Produce clone of plasma cells and memory cells
|
|
Plasma cells
|
Secrete antibody
|
|
Memory cells
|
Recognizes pathogens from previous encounters
|
|
IgG antibodies
|
Inactivate viruses and neutralize bacterial toxins
|
|
Antigen-antibody complexes
|
involves IgG and IgM antibodies to fix complement
Results in lysis of bacterial cell |
|
Antibody titer
|
Amount of antibody in serum
|
|
Primary response
|
Appearance of IgM then IgG
|
|
Secondary response
|
high antibody titer, primarily IgG
|
|
Edward Jenner
|
Developed modern practice of vaccination
Innoculation w/cowpox virus |
|
Attenuated whole-agent vaccine
|
Living, weakened microbes
More closely mimic actual infection Polio vaccine, MMR, TB, Rickettsia Not recommended to people w/compromised immune systems |
|
Inactivated whole-agent vaccine
|
Use killed microbes
Influenza, polio, pneumonia, cholera, pertussis, typhoid |
|
Toxoids
|
Inactivated toxins
Directed at toxins produced by pathogen Tetanus and diptheria |
|
Subunit vaccines
|
Use antigenic fragments of microorganism to best stimulate immune response
Hepatitis B, Cholera, Streptococcus |
|
Conjugated vaccine
|
Combine desired antigen w/protein to boost immune system
Hib vaccine |
|
Nucleic Acid vaccine (DNA vaccine)
|
Recipient makes antigenic proteins
Do not need to be grown in cells or animals Influenza A |
|
Where to grown viruses for vaccines
|
Animals, cell cultures, chick embryos
|
|
Superantigen
|
nonspecific antigens and indiscrimantely acitive T cell receptors at once
|
|
Hypersensitivity
|
Antigenic response beyond that which is considered normal
|
|
Type I (Anaphylactic) reaction
|
Occur wi/in 2 to 30 minutes of exposure
Production of IgE antibodies that bind to mast cells and basophils Target cell release chimical mediators (kinin, histamine, leukotrienes) |
|
Anaphylaxis
|
Reactions caused when certain antigens combine w/IgE antibodies
Systemic-shock, breathing difficulties Localized-hay fever, asthma, hives |
|
Desensitization
|
Repeated injections of antigen, leads to formation of IgG antibodies
|
|
Blood type
|
Determined by presence or absence of two carbohydrates
|
|
AB
|
No anti-A or anti-B antibodies
Universal recipient - can get A, B, AB, O types |
|
B
|
Anti-A antibodies
Can have B, O blood |
|
A
|
Anti-B antibodies
Can have A, O blood |
|
O
|
Anti A and Anti-B Antibodies
Can have O blood, universal donor |
|
Rh factor
|
Surface antigen
85% population are Rh+ |
|
Rh+ blood type
|
Can receive Rh+ or Rh-
|
|
Rh- blood type
|
If receives Rh+, donor's RBC stimulate anti-Rh antibodies
If receives subsequent Rh+, hemolytic reaction |
|
Hemolytic disease of newborn
|
Rh- carries Rh+ fetus, anti-Rh antibodies
Can be prevented by mother receiving anti-Rh antibodies (Rhogam) |
|
Autoimmunity
|
Loss of self-tolerance
|
|
Type I Autoimmunity
|
Antibodies that attack self
Hepatitis C - autoimmune hepatitis |
|
Type II (Cytotoxic) Autoimmunity
|
Antibody reactions to cell-surface antigens
Graves' disease, myasthenia gravis |
|
Type III (Immune complex) autoimmunity
|
Antibodies directed at components of own cells
Lupus, Rheumatoid arthritis |
|
Type IV (Cell-Mediated) Autoimmunity
|
T cells
MS, Hashimoto's Thyroiditis |
|
Histocompatability antigens
|
located on cell surfaces
Express genetic differences among individuals |
|
Transplant compatability
|
Match HLA and ABO antigens
If recognized as foreign, may be lysed by T cells and attacked by macrophages |
|
Privileged transplation site
|
Antibodies do not circulate
Cornea |
|
Privileged transplantation tissue
|
Does not stimulate immune rejection
Pig heart |
|
Autograft
|
One's own tissue grafted to another part of body
|
|
Isograft
|
Identical twin grafting
|
|
Allografts
|
Grafts between people who are not identical twins
|
|
Xenotransplatation products
|
Tissues or organs from animals
|
|
Cyclosporine
|
Immunosuppressant drug
Inhibits secretion of IL-2 |