Microbiology Unit 2

Front 1

DNA

Back 1

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Central molecule of genetics

Front 2

Genome

Back 2

Sum total of genetic material carried within a cell

Front 3

Chromosome

Back 3

Cellular structure made up of Neatly packaged DNA molecule

Front 4

Gene

Back 4

Fundamental unit of heredity responsible for a given trait in an organism

Front 5

Genotype

Back 5

Organisims distinct genetic makeup

Front 6

Phenotype

Back 6

Traits

Expression of the genetic makeup

Front 7

DNA Gyrase

Back 7

Coils the chromosomes into a tight bundle

Front 8

Helicase enzyme

Back 8

Function: Unzipping the DNA helix

Front 9

Primase Enzyme

Back 9

Function: Synthesizing an RNA primer

Front 10

DNA Polymerase III

Back 10

Function: Adding bases to,the new DNA chain; proofreadingthe chain for mistakes

Front 11

DNA Polymerase III

Back 11

Function: Adding bases to,the new DNA chain; proofreadingthe chain for mistakes

Front 12

DNA Polymerase I

Back 12

Function: Removing RNA primers, replacing gaps between Okazaki fragments with correct nucleotides, repairing mismatched bases.

Front 13

Ligase Enzyme

Back 13

Function: Final binding of nicks in DNA during synthesis and repair

Front 14

Gyrase Enzyme

Back 14

Function: Supercoiling

Front 15

Transcription

Back 15

Description: Master code of DNA is used to synthesize RNA

Front 16

Translation

Back 16

Description: Information contained in the RNA is then used to produce proteins

Front 17

mRNA

Back 17

Carries the DNA master code (codons) to ribosome

(Translated)

100 nucleotides-Several thousand

Front 18

tRNA

Back 18

Brings amino acids to ribosome during translation

(Not translated)

75-95 nucleotides in length

Front 19

rRNA

Back 19

Forms the major part of the ribosome and participates in protein synthesis

(Not translated)

Front 20

Codons

Back 20

Triplet groups of mRNA transcripts

Front 21

Anticodon

Back 21

Designates the specificity of the tRNA and compliments mRNA's codons

Front 22

Anticodon

Back 22

Designates the specificity of the tRNA and compliments mRNA's codons

Front 23

Template strand

Back 23

Used by RNA Polymerase to synthesize an mRNA molecule

Runs 3-5

Front 24

Translocation

Back 24

Enzyme directed shifting of the ribosome to the next position on the mRNA strand.

Front 25

Wild type

Back 25

Microorganism that exhibits a natural, non-mutated characteristic.

Front 26

Mutant strain

Back 26

Mutation bearing microorganism

Front 27

Spontaneous Mutation

Back 27

Random change in DNA arising from errors in replication that occur without a known cause

Front 28

Induced mutation

Back 28

Result of exposure to known mutagens

Primarly physical or chemical agents that damage DNA.

Front 29

Point mutations

Back 29

Addition, deletion, or substitution of single bases

Front 30

Point mutations

Back 30

Addition, deletion, or substitution of single bases

Front 31

Missense Mutation

Back 31

Change in the code that leads to placement of a different amino acid

Front 32

Nonsense Mutation

Back 32

Changes normal codon into a stop codon.

Results in a nonfunctional protein

Front 33

Silent mutation

Back 33

Alters the base but doesn't change the amino acid, no effect

Front 34

Back-Mutation

Back 34

When a gene that had undergone mutation reverses to its original base composition

Front 35

Frameshift

Back 35

When one or more bases are inserted or deleted from a new key synthesized DNA strand

Nearly aslways result in nonfunctional protein

Front 36

Plasmids

Back 36

Small pieces of DNA

Chromosome fragments

Often carry adaptive genes like (R Factors)

Front 37

Conjugation

Back 37

Mode of genetic recombination in which a plasmid or fragment of DNA is transferred from a doner cell though direct connection (sex pillus)

(F+)---(F-)

Front 38

Transformation

Back 38

The transfer of naked DNA

Requires no special vehicle

Mouse experiment

Front 39

Transduction

Back 39

DNA transfer mediated through the action of a bacterial virus

Front 40

Competent Cells

Back 40

Cells that have special DNA binding proteins on their cell wall that capture DNA from surrounding medium

Front 41

Bacteriophage

Back 41

Bacterial Virus

Front 42

Bacteriophage

Back 42

Bacterial Virus

Front 43

Generalized Transduction

Back 43

Random segments of disintegrating host DNA are taken up by the phage during assembly

Transduced cell survives and can use new genetic material

Front 44

Specialized transduction

Back 44

Highly specific part of a host genome is regularly incorporated into the phage

Results in bacterial DNA or a combination of bacterial and Viral DNA being incorperated in the bacterial chromosome

Front 45

Virus Structure

Back 45

Capsid- Head, DNA stored here

Tail, sheath

Tail fibers

Front 46

Restriction endonuclease

Back 46

Used to cut DNA into smaller pieces for further study

Also used to remove or insert DNA

Front 47

Ligase in Genetic Engineering

Back 47

Used to seal the "sticky ends" of cut DNA strands back together by rejoining the phosphate sugar bonds.

Front 48

Disinfection

Back 48

The destruction or removal of vegetative cells, but not bacterial endospores.

Usually on inanimate objects

Front 49

Sterilization

Back 49

The complete removal or destruction of all viable microorganisms.

Used on inanimate objects

Front 50

Antisepsis

Back 50

Chemicals applied to body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens

Front 51

Bactericide

Back 51

Chemical that destroys bacteria except for those in the endospore stage

Front 52

Fungicide

Back 52

Chemical that kills fungal spores, hyphae, and yeasts.

Front 53

Virucide

Back 53

Chemical known to inactivated viruses

Front 54

Sporicidal agent

Back 54

Chemical that can destroy bacterial endospores which makes it a sterilizing agent

Front 55

Asepsis

Back 55

Any practice that prevents entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues, preventing infection.

Front 56

Asepsis

Back 56

Any practice that prevents entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues, preventing infection.

Front 57

Sterilzation using steam under pressure (Autoclave)

Back 57

When the pressure is raised to 2 atm, the steam can reach higher temperatures, (121°c) and kill all microbes

Front 58

Boiling water

Back 58

Only be relied on for disinfection, not sterilization.

100°c for 30 minutes kills most but not all microbes

Front 59

Pasteurization (disinfection of beverages)

Back 59

Flash method: Introduce products to heat exchangers at 71°c for 15 seconds.

Primary targets: Non spore forming pathogens like salmonella.

Front 60

Dry heat (incineration)

Back 60

Dry oven

12 minutes-4 hours

150°c-180°c

Front 61

Dry heat (incineration)

Back 61

Dry oven

12 minutes-4 hours

150°c-180°c

Front 62

Dry heat (incineration)

Back 62

Dry oven

12 minutes-4 hours

150°c-180°c

Preferred in medical wastes, reduces bulky items to ashes

Front 63

Desiccation

Back 63

Low temperatures, freezing, and desiccation should not be used as a disinfectant or sterilization, effects are erratic and uncertain.

Front 64

Iodine solutions

Back 64

Idophors: Iodine and a neutral protein polymer (Iodine solution before surgeries)

Aqueous: Topical antiseptic prior to surgery 1%-3% in water

Disturbs variety of metabolic reactions by interfering with disulfide bonds in protein

Front 65

Hologen solutions

Back 65

Chlorine: Create hypochlorous Acid, oxidizes amino acids, breaks disulfide bonds on proteins

Iodine

Both work in stopping the metabolic process of the microorganism

Front 66

Phenols

Back 66

Lysol and Creolin: Commonly used household versions if phenol.

Too dangerous to use as antiseptic

Low concentrations: Inactivate certain critical enzyme systems

High concentrations: Rapidly disrupting cell walls and membranes, and precipitating proteins

Front 67

Oxidizing Agents

Back 67

Hydrogen Peroxide: Versatile uses as an antiseptic, skin and wound cleaning.

Sterilizing H2O2: Vaporized H2O2, major type of sterilant, uses in isolators, space vehicles, clean rooms

Front 68

Aldehyde

Back 68

Glutaraldehyde: A sterilant for materials usually damaged by heat, respiratory therapy equipment

Formalin: Limited uses as a disinfectant for surgical instruments

Front 69

Synergic

Back 69

2 drugs working together provides better results with using less drugs

Front 70

Narrow-Spectrum

Back 70

Effective on small spectrum of drugs

Target a specific component that is found only in certain bacteria

Front 71

Broad-Spectrum

Back 71

Have greatest range of activity

Exert effects on ribosomes

Front 72

Antibiotics

Back 72

Substances produced by the natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy others

Front 73

Drugs that effect bacterial cell wall

Back 73

Pennicillin

Cephalosporins

Blocking the production of peptidoglycan, causing lysis

Front 74

Drugs that disrupt cell membrane function

Back 74

Polymyxins

Disrupts metabolism, or causes lysis

Toxic to human cells

Front 75

Drugs that effect nucleic acid synthesis

Back 75

Stopping replication, or blocking transcription, or DNA synthesis

Inhibits helicase in DNA unwinding

Analogs

Flucytosine

Front 76

Drugs that effect nucleic acid synthesis

Back 76

Stopping replication, or blocking transcription, or DNA synthesis

Inhibits helicase in DNA unwinding

Analogs

Flucytosine

Front 77

Drugs that block protein synthesis

Back 77

Aminoglycosides

React with ribosome mRNA complex

Streptomycin

Front 78

Drugs that affect metabolic pathways

Back 78

Sulfonamides

Mimick the normal substrate of an enzyme, slowing or stopping the metabolism