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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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protoza |
always unicellular |
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fungi |
unicellular or multicellular |
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algae |
unicellular or multicellular |
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helminths |
always multicellular |
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glycocalyx |
boundary in direct contact w/enviroment; made of polysaccharides; pumps slimes out |
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cell wall |
provides structural support and shape |
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yeast cell |
round to oval shape; uses asexual reproductions "budding" |
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hyphae |
long, threadlike cells found in filamentous fungi |
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pseudohyphae |
chains of yeast |
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dimorphic |
some fungi can take either form |
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heterotrophic |
acquire nutrients from a wide variety of organic materials (substrates) |
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saprobes |
obtain substrates from dead plants and animals (break down); most fungi are saprobes |
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parasites |
live on the bodies of living animals or plants |
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mycelium |
the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold (Ex. mushrooms) |
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septa |
hyphae divided into segments or cross wall |
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spores |
fungal reproductive bodies (asexual or sexual) |
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sporangiospores |
formed by successive cleavages within a sporangium |
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conidospores or conidia |
free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac |
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pathogenic fungi |
infection occurs through accidental contact |
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positive industrial impact of fungi |
human insulin in yeast to manufacture insulin, produce antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids & vitamins |
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protist |
any unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tissues |
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plankton |
produce most of the earth's oxygen |
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pseudopods ("false feet") |
serve as feeding structures; amoeba (aka The Blob) |
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flagella |
vary in number from one to several |
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cilia |
distributed over the entire surface of the cell in characteric patterns |
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trophozoite |
motile & feeding stage; requires amble food & moisture to remain active |
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cyst |
similar to a spore; dormant, resting stage; formed when conditions become unfavorable for growth & feeding, important factor in spread of disease. Protozoa spreads as a cyst. |
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parasitology |
study of protozoa and helminths |
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parasite |
term most often used to describe protozoan and helminth pathogens |
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Trypanosoma cruzi |
Chagas disease; transmitted by kissing/assassin bug; a protozoan pathogen |
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Trypanosoma brucei |
African Sleeping Sickness; transmitted by a fly; a protozoan pathogen |
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Entamoeba histolytica |
amoebic dysentery; 4th most common protozoan infection in the world; transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food or water w/human feces |
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3 styles of protozoan locomotion |
pseudopods, flagella & cilia |
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helminths |
tapeworms, flukes, & roundworms |
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flatworms |
includes tapeworms & flukes |
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cestodes |
tapeworms; long ribbonlike arrangement; generally hermaphroditic (male & female sex organs in same worm) |
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trematodes |
flukes; flat ovoid bodies; sexes are separate or hermaphroditic |
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nematodes |
roundworms; sexes have different morphologies |
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Enterobius vermicularis |
pinworm; common infestation of large intestine |
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Most developed organ system in helminths is the |
reproductive system |
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Developed theory of endosymbiosis |
Dr. Lynn Margulis |
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Chromatin |
makes up eukaryotic chromosomes |
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Prophase |
DNA condensed; each chromosome has a pair |
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Metaphase |
all DNA lines up in the middle |
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Anaphase |
chromosomes pulls away to opposite ends |
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Telophase |
two identical cells formed |
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Endoplasmic reticulum |
transports & stores protein |
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Golgi apparatus |
packages & ships protein |
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nucleolus |
site of ribosomal RNA synthesis; stains more intensely due to it's RNA content |
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lyosomes |
originate in Golgi apparatus & contain a variety of enzymes; digestion of food & protection against invading microorganisms |
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vacuoles |
membrane-bound sacs; contain fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted or stored |
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cristae |
inner folds of mitochondria that hold the electron carriers of aerobic respiration |
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matrix |
inside mitochondria; holds ribosomes, DNA & enzymes used in metabolism |
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chloroplast |
converts energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis |
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ribosomes |
protein synthesizers (makers) |
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polyribosomes |
short chains of ribosomes; like a mass production system |
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thylakoids |
small, disclike sacs in third membrane of chloroplast |
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grana |
stacked structures inside the third membrane of the chloroplast that carry the green pigment chlorophyll |
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bacteriophage |
viruses that infect bacteria |
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virus |
Latin for "poison" |
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Developed a vaccine for rabies |
Louis Pasteur |
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Discovered tobacco disease was caused by a virus |
Dmitri Ivanovski & Martinus Beijerinck |
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Discovered foot-and-mouth disease was caused by a virus |
Friedrich Loeffler & Paul Frosch |
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filterable virus |
any infectious agents that pass through a filter (especially of diatomite or unglazed porcelain with the filtrate) and remain virulent
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Amphibolism |
Many paths & directions in metabolim |
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Catalyst |
A substrate that alters the rate of a reaction w/o being consumed or permanently changed by it. (Ex enzymes are catalysts) |
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Enzyme |
A protein biocatalyst last that facilitates metabolic reactions. |
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Coenzyme |
Organic cofactor. Operates w/an enzyme. Service as transient carriers of specific atoms or functional groups during metabolic reactions. |
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Cofactor |
An inorganic non-protein enzyme accessory such as zinc, copper, iron & magnease |
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Apoenzyme |
The protein part of an enzyme |
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Substrate |
Reaction molecules upon which enzymes act. |
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Metabolism |
All chemical reactions and workings of a cell. |
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Anabolism |
Building of cell molecules & structures. Requires energy. |
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Catabolism |
Breaking down the bonds of larger molecules to release energy. |
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Oxioreductases |
Enzymes that transfers electrons from one substrate to another. |
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Transferases |
Enzymes that transfers functional groups from one substrate to another. |
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Hydrolases |
Enzymes that cleave bonds on molecules w/the addition of water. |
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Lyases |
Enzymes that add or remove groups from double-bonded substrates |
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Isomerases |
Enzymes that change a substrate to it's isometric form. |
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Ligases |
Enzymes that catalog the formation of bonds with the input of ATP & the removal of water. |
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Redox reactions |
Transfer reactions by enzymes accomplished by oxidoreductases. Oxidation- LEO Reduction-GER |
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Photosynthesis |
H2O+Sunlight+CO2=sugar (Calvin cycle) |
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Photosynthesis |
Production of ATP-NADAH |
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In vivo |
Natural setting |
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In vitro |
Lab setting |
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Vector |
An organism that causes or transmits disease. |
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Fomites |
Non-living things that transport disease (ex doorknob) |
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Denaturation |
Breaking up of an enzyme due to heat, low or high pH or certain chemicals |
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Virion |
Fully formed virus able to establish infection in a host |
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Capsid |
Shell surrounds the nucleic acid |
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Envelope |
Usually a modified piece of the host cell membrane |
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Nucleocapsid |
Capsid & nucleic acid together |
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Spikes |
Protruding glycoproteins essential for attachment to the host cell; found on both naked & enveloped viruses; for recognition & entrance |
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Capsomeres |
Identical protein subunits that spontaneously self assemble to form the capsid |
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Helical capsid |
Rod-shaped capsomeres that form a continuous helix around the nucleic acid |
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Icosahedral capsid |
Three-dimensional 20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners |
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Genome |
The full complement of DNA and RNA carried by a cell |
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Positive-sense RNA |
Single-stranded RNA genomes ready for immediate translation into proteins |
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Negative-sense RNA |
RNA genomes that need to be converted into the proper form to be made into proteins |
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Virus families |
Suffix -viridae |
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Virus genera |
Suffix-virus |
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. |
1. Adsorption (to attach) |
