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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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features of DNA
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* double helix shape * 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base (ATGC) comprise the nucleotide * antiparallel, complimentary * DNA replication makes the flow of genetic information possible from one generation to the next |
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Nitrogenous Bases
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Adenine (A) - double ring, two H bonds to (T) Thymine (T) - single ring, two H bonds to (A) Guanine (G) - double ring, three H bonds to (C) Cytocine (C) - single ring, three H bonds to (G) |
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semiconservative replication
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The helicase enzyme unzips the DNA molecule and complimentary base pairs attach to the original strand. The daughter cell, then, has one original strand and one newly formed strand in the RNA.
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DNA is synthesized... DNA is read... |
synthesized: continuously 5' to 3' "leading strand" read: discontinuously 3' to 5' "lagging strand" |
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Which enzymes & organelles function in replication, transcription and translation
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REPLICATION: - helicase separates DNA molecule - DNA polymerase synthesizes N bases, proofreads & repairs TRANSCRIPTION: - RNA ploymerase binds to promotor, synthesizes RNA until it reaches terminator site TRANSLATION: - mRNA serves as the source of information for synthesis of proteins - tRNA transports the required amino acid |
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Start codon Stop codon |
AUG UAA, UAG, UGA |
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frameshift mutation
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everything after point mutation is wrong can lead to cell death, or organism death |
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silent mutation
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base pair change in DNA has no observable effect
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nonsense mutation |
premature stop codon in the DNA sequence that results in shorter, unfinished protein |
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missense mutation
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point mutation where a single nucleotide change results in coding for an entirely different amino acid
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effects of mutation: |
genetic disease, such as sickle cell anemia |
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gene expression
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When gene is being transcripted/translated, protein (gene product) is being made - called expression. Each cell expresses different types of proteins |
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genetic code
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determines how a nucleotide sequence is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein
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Lac Operon |
A collection of genes (lac Z, lac Y, lac A) that when expressed allows e. Coli to metabolize lactose, although it prefers glucose.
glucose, lactose, cAMP, A bind, R bind, RNA poly, express lac operon |
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coding DNA vs. non-coding DNA
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coding DNA - encodes for protein non-coding DNA - regulatory, repetitive, structural *bacterial genome is much more efficient, some code 90% |
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Prokaryotes
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* one circular chromosome * plasmids, shared btw strains & species * plasmid DNA |
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plasmid |
self-replicating gene containing circular pieces of DNA; found in bacteria |
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Eukaryotes
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multiple linear chromosomes; have nucleus, separate transcription & translation; vertical gene transfer (mitosis: daughter cells)
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horizontal gene transfer
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reproduce asexually; DNA sharing within same gene
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Transformation
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prokaryotic sex(1 of 3) small pieces of DNA from outside cell enter cell through specialized pores allow passage of huge amount of DNA to evolve |
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Conjugation |
prokaryotic sex (2 of 3) two cells become connected with a specialized sex pili to transfer plasmid DNA usually same species if not the same strain; closely related |
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Transduction
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prokaryotic sex (3 of 3) virus transfers DNA from one cell to another |
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antibiotic resistance
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over time DNA responds to environmental conditions and coding changes result in changing gene expression bacteria acquire "resistance gene" |
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restriction enzyme
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recognizes and cuts a specific sequence of DNA > blunt ends: same place on both strands > sticky ends: different place on both strands leaving staggered ends that bind well with different pieces of DNA ligase helps to join the ends needed to form recombinant DNA |
