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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
List the Kingdoms
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Animals: vertebrates, invertebrates and anthropods; heterotophic feeders
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List the Kingdoms
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Plants: multicellular autotrophs that photosynthesize
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List the Kingdoms
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Fungi: yeasts, moulds & mushrooms; heterotophic decomposers
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List the Kingdoms
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Monera: all multicellular prokaryotic organisms Prokaryotic: Bacteria, Achaea and Algae
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List the Kingdoms
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Protista: slime moulds, some algae, & protozoa; unicellular (one cell) organisms that are not plant, animal, Monera or fungi
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What is the largest kingdom
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The Animal Kingom is the largest of these kingdoms and is broken down further into four main groups
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List in order the taxonomy of ordering things in the Kingdoms
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The way in which the organisms are divided into these five kingdoms is by:
1. whether the organism has the presence or absence of a nuclear membrane 2. are they unicellular (one cell) or multicellular (many cells) 3. how the organism derives their nutrition (heterotrophic or autotrophic) |
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Describe the main characteristics of Fungi
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There are over a million species of Fungi however only a small amount of these have been discovered or identified.
They are capable of growing in a wide variety of habitats and often in colonies. Fungi are essential to cycling and recycle of nutrients, they also are important to the health of nearly all plants and animals. Most fungi are classified as non-pathogenic where they grow in soil and feed on the organic matter in the soil. The fungi that do cause disease are usually opportunistic where they invade people that have a decreased immune system. fungi are heterotrophs as they require organic matter for growth |
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Describe the main characteristics of Bacteria
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Single celled microscopic organisms
contains a protective semi rigid cell wall cell membrane is made up of CHO and protiens Do not contain a nucleus DNA is a single strand floating around in the cell Most commonly reproduce by cellular division or by producing spores |
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Describe the main characteristics of Viruses
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They lack a rigid cell wall, have no nuclei, mitochondria, or ribosomes and some do not have cytoplasm
Unlike bacteria they cannot replicate unless they invade or infect a host: considered an intracellular parasite Once inside the host the virus replicates by making multiple copies of itself, with the assistance of the host Viruses have the capabilities to infect any type of organism including plants, animals, bacteria, achaea Viruses will not respond to an attack in any way. They will either keep doing what they do or they will be killed They cannot be cultured on dead or artificial material making it very hard to develop treatments to destroy the virus |
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Describe the main characteristics of Protozoa
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Unicellular
Single or multiple nuclei Some are microscopic as they are the smallest organism in the animal kingdom and others can be seen by the unaided eye Colourless and can be differentiated from Algae (which is in the same Kingdom) as they do not contain chlorophyll. Most reproduce asexually Most survive by aerobic metabolism although some that have been found in the human gut can survive by anaerobic metabolism Surrounded by a cell membrane (not a cell wall) Heterotrophic: obtain food by phagocytosis from small molecules, food particles or microorganisms found within their environment. A parasitic protozoa obtains it's nutrients from the host Able to mobilise by flagella (tail), cilia (fine hairs on its surface which act like a rudder), and pseudopodia (arching and stretching to move forward; like a worm) |
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Describe the main characteristics of Helminths (worms)
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Divided into
Platyhelminths: flat worms Trematodes: flukes Cestodes: tapeworms Aschelminths: Nematodes: round worms |
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How are bacteria viewed and identified
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Bateria when stained are classified into either Gram positive or gram negative.
This is due to the differences in the cell walls of the two types of bacteria |
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How are viruses viewed and identified
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smallest living things, can only be viewed with an electron microscope.
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Identify the three (3) basic shapes of bacteria and provide an example of a disease for each shape.
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1:
Rod shaped – Bacilli - tetanus, tuberculosis, diphtheria, anthrax, Salmonella, Whooping cough, pneumonia |
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Identify the three (3) basic shapes of bacteria and provide an example of a disease for each shape.
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2:
Round – Cocci meningitis, Gonorrhoea, Golden Staph, Boils and pimples, Septicemia - blood poisoning. |
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Identify the three (3) basic shapes of bacteria and provide an example of a disease for each shape.
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3:
Spiral shaped – spirilla, vibrios, spirochetes Syphillis, cholera, Lyme Disease |
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Name & briefly describe the basic structural parts of a virus
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DNA or RNA: (never both) genes are made from the DNA or RNA and is a small piece of nucleic acid which is considered the core of the virus
Capsid: a protein coat which protects the genes. It also helps the virus infect new cells. Envelope: only some viruses have this extra envelope. It is made of lipids and proteins like other cells however the envelope assists the virus in getting into the host unnoticed and to also invade new host cells. 1. Helical Virons 2. Polyhedral Virons 3. Complex Viron |
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Define the terms Infection
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An invasion of the body by micro-organisms (germs) by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasites & fungi, which can multiply & cause disease or illness
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Describe the term ‘chain of infection’
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infectious agent,
reservoir, portal of exit (from the reservoir), mode of transmission, and portal of entry (into a) susceptible host |
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Identify and explain the four (4) modes of transmission for MO and how they get from one place to another
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Person-to-person,
Food& Water, Insects, Fomites |
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Describe five (5) factors that may increase an individual’s susceptibility to infection
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diseases like HIV/AIDS which suppress immunity
poorly developed or immature immunity, as in very young children not being vaccinated poor nutritional status (e.g. malnourished children) pregnancy. |
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Define Heterotrophic
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eat organic matter to produce energy for living. This means they either eat other heterotrophs (many bacteria or animals) or autotrophs (plants)
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Define Autotrophic
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absorb light to produce energy and absorb simple organic material from their environments e.g. plants absorb sunlight and absorb nutrients from the soil.
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Define Sexually
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they need another microbes DNA to reproduce
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Define Asexually
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divides and makes an identical replica of itself
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Define Nosocomial infection
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an infection a person acquires whilst they are hospitalised, usually includes respiratory, wound, urinary tract & blood stream infections
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Define Iatrogenic infection
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infection caused by the actions of the health care worker
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Define Opportunistic infection
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strikes when a hosts immune system is compromised
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Define Symptomatic
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exhibit clinical manifestations
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Define Asymptomatic
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the pathogen does not cause injury to cells or tissues, and no clinical manifestations of infection
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Define Mycology
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the study of fungi.
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Define Aerobic
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Lives and thrives with Oxygen
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Define Anaerobic
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Lives and thrives with no oxygen
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Define Carrier
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An asymptomatic person or animal harboring the pathogen, and acts as a vector transmitting the pathogen to others.
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Define Normal flora
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the bodies normal bacteria
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Define Virulence
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the pathogenicity of the causative MO (how capable it is of causing disease)
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Define Germ theory
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Germ theory states that many diseases are caused by the presence and actions of specific micro-organisms within the body.
Although that seems obvious now, historically it was believed that illnesses just appeared spontaneously. After the development of germ theory, hygienic practices were developed that have saved countless lives |
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Define Pathogenic
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capable of causing disease
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Define Non pathogenic
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exist without causing disease
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Define Epidemic
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a large breakout of a contagious infection
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Define Standard Precautions
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washing hands, basic hygiene practices
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Define Additional precautions
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Keeping kids home from school, containing the infected hosts
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Define Personal Protective Equipment
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face mask, gloves, aprons
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Define Fomite
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A non-living article or object that is contaminated with pathogens that has the potential to cause disease
Lanyards, jumpers, scarves at work |
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Define Incubation period
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the time between exposure to an infectious disease and the appearance of the first signs or symptoms
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Define Cross infection
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coming into contact with contaminated surfaces or body fluids
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Define Gram staining
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positive & negative cell staining to show virulence.
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Describe the environmental management in terms of the following;
Environmental cleaning |
the functional areas in a healthcare facility that require cleaning and/or disinfection
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Describe the environmental management in terms of the following;
Disinfection |
reduces microbes to an acceptable level
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Describe the environmental management in terms of the following;
Sterilisation |
All equipment that penetrates the skin or mucous membranes eg surgical equipment, needles, urinary catheters
Dry Heat: Inactivates cell components by oxidation Radiation Chemical Vapours Steam Sterilisation: Destroys microorganisms by denaturing cell protein & disrupting hydrogen bonds |
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Describe some risk management strategies to prevent the spread of infection in health care facilities
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The minimum level of precautions required to control the spread of infection:
All individuals being cared for in the healthcare setting should be considered to be potentially infectious regardless of their Dx Regardless of whether a pt has a confirmed infection or not & regardless of whether they are symptomatic or asymptomatic All secretions & excretions (except sweat) are considered potentially infectious Hand Hygiene, Gloves, gowns and plastic aprons, masks & protective eyewear, Cleaning |
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Describe what is meant by the term surveillance and provide an example of this type of risk management strategy
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Research over the past 20 years has demonstrated that an active program of surveillance with feedback of surgical wound infection rates to surgeons can reduce subsequent rates by 30–40%. For surveillance data and feedback to be meaningful and influential, however, certain rigorous methodological principles must be observed. First, surveillance data must be collected in an accurate, efficient and confidential manner. This requires written definitions of infection, regular clinical case-finding, post-discharge follow up for short-staying patients, and computer storage, analysis and reporting of the data in coded form that does not publicly identify individuals. Second, the variation in intrinsic risk of the patients of the various surgeons must be controlled for by stratifying the final infection rates on a multivariate risk index, which combines the traditional classes of wound contamination with measures of intrinsic patient susceptibility. This can be accomplished with a relatively small commitment of time by the Infection Control Nurse with the aid of sophisticated computer software that is now available.
National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance (NNDSS) |
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Describe how to limit contamination in the health care environment
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Staff centered Procedures
Equipment Oriented Procedures Resident / Patient centered Procedures |
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Describe what antibiotics are used for
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A substance produced by one microorganism that inhibits the growth of others
Derivable from a mould or bacterium Kills micro-organisms & cures bacterial infections Many antibiotics are now partially or wholly synthesized in a lab |
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What is antibiotic resistance
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Antibiotics produce a b Lactam ring which breaks down cell wall of bacteria
Some bacteria have developed an enzyme called b Lactamase which enables it to break down the antibiotics b Lactam ring Making the efforts of the antibiotics useless This is an important mechanism through which bacteria become resistant to antibiotics Is a major problem |
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How does a vaccine provide immunity for infectious diseases
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Vaccines are suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms, or products or derivatives of microorganisms
Produces immunity to a disease It does this by stimulating the production of antibodies The vaccine stimulates the immune system to recognize the foreign agent The B cells make memory cells so if it invades the body in the future it can quickly destroy the disease before it cause disease or any symptoms by neutralizing it before it enters the cells, by recognising and destroying the cells that are infected before it is able to multiply in vast numbers. |
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a eukaryotic cell
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Eukaryotic: Fungi and Protozoa (plants and humans also fall into this category of type of cells)
Eukaryotic cells: There are two types of Eukaryotic cells: Plant and Animal Contain a double layer membrane made up of lipids (fats) that allow things to pass through Plants have an additional rigid cell wall Filled with cytoplasm (a semifluid that the organelles are suspended in) Contains a cytoskeleton which is a scaffold inside the cytosol that supports the structures in the cell The organelles inside the cell have their own membrane and are only visible via an electron microscope. Each of the organelles have their own role in assisting the cell to function (this will be covered in the Human Biology Cells session) Contains a membrane bound nucleus which holds the cells DNA and this can be seen under a light microscope DNA is essential for cell division |
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label a eukaryotic cell: Animal
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Animal:
Ribosomes Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth ER Lysosome pinocytotic vesticle Golgi apparatus golgi vesticules Mitochondrion Nucleus Nucleolus Centrioles x 2 microtubules cytoplasm Cell (plasma) membrane |
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label a eukaryotic cell: Plant
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cell wall
Cell membrane Golgi apparatus chloroplast vacuole membrane raphide crystal druse crystal Mitochondrion cytoplasm amyloplast (starch grain) large central vacuole Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Nucleolus Smooth ER Ribosomes golgi vesticules |