Microbiology Test 3 Vandenberg

Front 1

symbiosis

Back 1

life together

Front 2

3 kinds of symbiosis

Back 2

mutualism, parasitism and commensalism

Front 3

symbiosis can be divided into 2 groups:

Back 3

endosymbiosis and ectosymbiosis

Front 4

endosymbiosis

Back 4

microorganisms grow within host cells

Front 5

ectosymbiosis

Back 5

microorganmisms attach but remain outside of host cell

Front 6

mutualism

Back 6

both orgnaisms benefit from the associations

Front 7

mutualism examples

Back 7

nitrogen fixation, lichen, mycorrhizae, flashlight fishes, symbionts of protozoa, symbionts of insects, and symbiosis of ruminants

Front 8

nitrogen fixation

Back 8

rhizobia (gram- heterotrophic soil bacteria)- form symbiotic associations with plants of legume family

actinomycetes (frankia)- form symbiotic relationships with non-leguminous actinorhizal plants such as alder, california lilac, austrian pine

microsymbiont anabena form symbiotic association with water fern azolla

Front 9

n2 reduced to ammonia by this enzyme

Back 9

nitrogenase

Front 10

nitrogenase consist of what two proteins

Back 10

dinitrogenase and dinitrogenase reductase

Front 11

dinotrogenase contains what

Back 11

molybdenum (Mo)

Front 12

what is the cofactor known as

Back 12

FeMo-co

Front 13

what destroys nitrogenase

Back 13

exposure to oxygen

Front 14

in rhizobia-legume symbiosis, what is the role of leghemoglobuin

Back 14

bind and remove oxygen from the vicinity of nitrogenase

Front 15

Nif gene

Back 15

20 identified genes 7 nif operons in klebsiella pneumoniae

Front 16

nitrogenase complex

Back 16

nitrogenase (component I) and nitrogenase reductase (component II)

Front 17

Assaying nitrogenase

Back 17

reduction of acetylene to ethylene ; nitrogenase reduces triply bonded compounds

Front 18

Lichen

Back 18

symbiosis between fungus (mainly Ascomycota) and algae or cyanobacterium

Front 19

what are the primary colonizers of stressful environments

Back 19

lichens

Front 20

lichens are eaten by what animals

Back 20

caribou and reindeer

Front 21

natural indicators of air quality and grow slowly (1-2mm per year)

Back 21

lichens

Front 22

mychorrhizae

Back 22

symbiosis between fungi and plants

Front 23

plan obtain _____ from fungi and fungi obtain _______

Back 23

mineral nutrients; carbohydrates

Front 24

ectomycorrhizae

Back 24

fungi mycelium form sheath/mantle around roots of symbiont plant and a hartig net (hyphal network) extends into root between cells but does not penetrate cortical cells

Front 25

ectomycorrhizal fungi formed from

Back 25

woody plants, pine, oak and birch

Front 26

endomycorrhizae formed by

Back 26

80% vascular plants

Front 27

endomycorrhizae

Back 27

fungi penetrate into root cortical cells and form special structures within cortical cells

Front 28

endomycorrhizae dicided into

Back 28

arbuscuar, orchid and ericoid mycorrhizae

Front 29

flashlight fishes

Back 29

symbiotic relationships involve luminescent bacteria and fishes (Anomalopidae family)

Front 30

what is the use of light in flashlight fishes for?

Back 30

communication, lure prey and confuse predators

Front 31

symbionts of protozoa

Back 31

highly host specific bacteria can be endosymbionts of paramecium aurelia and amoebas

Front 32

infection depends on how many specific genes in protozoa

Back 32

1 or 2

Front 33

endosymbiotic bacteria do what?

Back 33

produce cellulose and assist protozoa in cellulose digestion

Front 34

symbiont of insects: bacteria have important role in degradation of what and which insects does this pertain to

Back 34

degrade wood cellulose; wood-eating cockroaches and termites

Front 35

symbionts of ruminants

Back 35

mutualistic relationships with plant eating animals such as cows, goats, giraffes, camels, sheep

Front 36

microbial symbionts decompose _________ and __________ and are a source of what two things for ruminants

Back 36

cellulose; other plant material; vitamins and proteins

Front 37

what provides favorable environments for microbial growth?

Back 37

rumen

Front 38

parasitism

Back 38

symbiotic relationships between 2 organisms in which one species benefists for growth and reproduction to the harm of the other species

Front 39

chlamydiae

Back 39

bacterial phylum whose members are obligate intracellular pathogens

Front 40

bdellovibrio

Back 40

curved gram- bacterium preys on gram- bacteria by boring through outer membrane and cell wall of host bacterium and dividing in periplasm and progeny released after cell division while host lysis

Front 41

commensalism

Back 41

symbiotic relationship in which one organism is benefited and other is unaffected; human microflora

Front 42

dynamic relationships

Back 42

mutualism, commensalism and parasitism can change depending on evironmental conditions

Front 43

symbiotic relationships can be altered by what 3 factors

Back 43

other infections, administered broad spectrum of antibiotics, or immune system impared by disease or treatment

Front 44

plant disease

Back 44

potato blight in europe killed million people approx. 12% populatioin

Front 45

human disease

Back 45

pathogenic microorganisms invade human and cause diseases that kill millions of people everyday

Front 46

malaria

Back 46

human disease; caused by protozoan parasites (plasmodium) infects 400 million and kills approx. 1-3 million

Front 47

who is mostly killed by malaria and where

Back 47

children in sub-saharan africa

Front 48

what are the routes of acquiring infectious disease?

Back 48

respiratory tract; oral cavity and digestive system; skin and genitourinary tract

Front 49

lower RT

Back 49

free of microbes due to constant removal of foreign particles by cilia

Front 50

upper RT inhabited by

Back 50

streptococci, staphylococci, neisseriae, diptheroids and yeast