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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nutrient |
required for survival |
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Types of nutrients |
1. essential non essential
2. macronutrient micronutrient
3. organic non organic
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Essential nutrient |
must be provided to an organism 1.can't make itself 2.must be ingested 3. CHONPS: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phospherus, sulpher |
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Non-essential nutrient |
organism can make |
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Macronutrient |
required in large amounts
used for cell structure and metabolism
ex. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen -carbohydrates -lipids -protein |
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Micronurient |
AKA trace elements required in much smaller amounts used for enzyme function and protein structure
ex. manganese, zinc, nickel mainly found in vitamins and minerals |
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Organic nutrient |
only in living things contain both C+H -carbohydrates lipids proteins(2nd most abundant) nucleic acids |
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Inorganic nutrient |
in living and non living things does not have both C+H -water -gases -metals and salts
Nutrient sources carbon |
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Heterotroph |
has to find nutrients from other sources. Has to go out and eat it
-dependent on other organisms -eat organic materials |
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Autotroph |
able to make nutrients on its own -self feeder -source: inorganic CO2
primary producers |
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Phototroph |
can get from sun. plants
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chemotroph |
has to have some sort of reaction to get energy. Humans |
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Consumers |
eat food |
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decomposers |
fungi, mold etc |
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Photoautotroph |
photosynthesis convert CO2 and water to organic molecule(food) plants, cyanobacteria |
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Chemoautotroph |
organic for energy + inorganic for carbon only use inorganic molecules rare |
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photoheterotophs |
photosynthesis organic material rare |
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chemoheterotroph |
Humans only use organic material saprobes..eat dead matter parasites eat off living host
majority of organisms |
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Transport mechanisms |
moving materials between habitat and cell through cell membrane |
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cell membrane |
selectively permeable(only going to allow certain things to move through cell membrane and only in certain directions)
waste exit cell |
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Types of cell mechanism |
Passive- does not use it, it just happening on its own Active- active transport uses energy |
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Transport mechanism: Diffusion |
Types 2. facilitated diffusion |
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Simple diffusion |
concentration gradient pushes substance through cell membrane more moves to less O ---> o (downhill) type of passive transport -result in equilibrium -rate increases as temperature increases |
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Facilitated diffusion |
-needs help. material being transported is too large -carrier protein is required
is passive transport |
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Transport Mechanism: Osmosis |
The diffusion of water. Water still moves downhill(passive transport) |
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Tonicity |
Strength of a solution
-isotonic -solution has same concentration as cell(has same amount of water. Is at equilibrium so no movement occurs) =no net water movement |
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Hypotonic tonicity |
solution has more water than cell(less strong)
water enters --> lysis(gets broken down and destroyed
opposite:
hyptertonic tonicity |
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hypertonic tonicity |
solution has less water than cell(more strength) water leaves --> crenation(shrinks and shrivels) adaptation to maintain concentration balance -contractile vacuole: fresh water organism(pumps water to prevent from swelling and exploding) |
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Exocytosis |
exiting cell material is moved up a concentration gradient and exits cell(going uphill. active transport)
1. vesicle formed in cytoplasm around material being transported 2. fuses with cell membrane |
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Endocytosis |
material is moved up a concentration gradient and enters cell
1. cell membrane surrounds and encloses material being transported
2. cell engulfs material -phagocytosis- solid material(eats) -pinocytosis- liquid material(drinks)
both happen with same steps. just diff names depending on what it's ingesting |
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Temperature ranges |
minimum temp- lowest that growth and metabolism will occur
maximum- highest temp
optimal- temp at fastest rate of growth and metabolism |
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psychrophile |
cold temp. below 15C(like living in snow) |
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mesophile |
grows at intermediate temp (20-40C) like human -most pathogens also live in same temp as we live |
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thermophile |
grwos in hot temp. (above 45C) like valcano |
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extremophile |
as high as 130C or as low as 15C |
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Aerobe |
uses oxygen, have enzymes that can detoxify products ( can protect itself from harmful products of oxygen
-obligate aerobe- has to have O2. many are this. ex. our hearts |
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anaerobe |
cannot use oxygen, oxygen products are toxic to this organism -facultative anaerobe- doesn't have ot have o2- but uses it when present aerotolerant anaerobe- don't use O2-- but can survive when it is present |
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Gas |
carbon dioxide -required in all organisms |
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capnophiles |
grow best at high CO2 tension. Does not include humans and does not contain most organisms |
