Microbiology Test 2

Front 1

Curved Bacteria: Treponema pallidum

Back 1

Syphilis (STD)
3 Stages of the disease:
-genital alterations
-body rash
-bacteria goes to brain and "goes crazy"

Front 2

Curved Bacteria: Borrelia burgdorferi

Back 2

Lyme disease
Vector (usually some type of insect or arachnid) is a tick that acquires the disease from rodents
If diagnosed early it is treatable. (flu-like symptoms)

Front 3

Curved bacteria: Leptospira interrogates

Back 3

Leptospirosis caused by water and soil contaminated with rodent waste.

Front 4

Curved bacteria: Campylobacter spp. (means several different species)

Back 4

Associated with poultry.
One of the most common causes of diarrhea in humans (especially children)

Front 5

Curved bacteria: Helicobacter pylori (H-pylori)

Back 5

Causes ulcers in humans

Front 6

Curved bacteria: Vibrio cholera

Back 6

Cholera (acquired from fecal contaminated water).
Most serious waterborne bacterial disease!!
"rice water diarrhea" due to shedding of mucosal lining in the intestines
Mortality is 70% due to dehydration

Front 7

Curved bacteria: V. parahemolyticus

Back 7

Diarrhea associated with eating uncooked seafood.
Common in Japan and diagnosed In the U.S. among business travelers.

Front 8

Curved Bacteria

Back 8

Gram Negative
Some are motile
Difficult to culture ( Some can not be cultured)
Found in contaminated water and bodies of humans and animals

Front 9

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Pseudomonads

Back 9

Motile rods
Common in soil and water, many are psychrophilic (cooler temps), can grow in antiseptic sand frequently resistant to antibiotics.
May excrete a water soluble pigment and some fluoresce.

Front 10

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Pseudomonads

Back 10

Motile rods
Common in soil and water, many are psychrophilic (cooler temps), can grow in antiseptic sand frequently resistant to antibiotics.
May excrete a water soluble pigment and some fluoresce.

Front 11

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Pseudomonads: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Back 11

Common infection in burn victims and open wounds, lungs of individuals with cystic fibrosis, produces a blue-green water soluble pigment, resistant to many antibiotics
Has a distinct smell

Front 12

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Pseudomonads: P. fluorescens

Back 12

Found in soil
Yellow green pigment
Common in lab contaminant

Front 13

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Pseudomonads: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Back 13

Common infection in burn victims and open wounds, lungs of individuals with cystic fibrosis, produces a blue-green water soluble pigment, resistant to many antibiotics
Has a distinct smell

Front 14

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Legionella pneumophilia

Back 14

Legionellosis
Common in stagnant water, humidifiers, water cooling apparatus
Requires additional iron in media
Pneumonia-like symptoms
Elderly seem most susceptible

Front 15

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Pseudomonads: P. fluorescens

Back 15

Found in soil
Yellow green pigment
Common in lab contaminant

Front 16

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Back 16

Gonorrhea
Diplococcus (very distinguishable)
Symptoms are very obvious and are treatable

Front 17

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Legionella pneumophilia

Back 17

Legionellosis
Common in stagnant water, humidifiers, water cooling apparatus
Requires additional iron in media
Pneumonia-like symptoms
Elderly seem most susceptible

Front 18

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: N. meningitidis

Back 18

Meningococcal meningitis (inflammation of the meninges)
Vaccine provides protection against 4 types (including 2 of the 3 most common types in the U.S.)
Usually contracted by close contact with others

Front 19

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Back 19

Gonorrhea
Diplococcus (very distinguishable)
Symptoms are very obvious and are treatable

Front 20

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Neisseria spp.

Back 20

Normal oral flora (outside of the gum line)
Colonize teeth

Front 21

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: N. meningitidis

Back 21

Meningococcal meningitis (inflammation of the meninges)
Vaccine provides protection against 4 types (including 2 of the 3 most common types in the U.S.)
Usually contracted by close contact with others

Front 22

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Bordetella pertussis

Back 22

Whooping cough
Vaccine available

Front 23

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Francisella tularensis

Back 23

Tularemia (flu-like symptoms)
Present on wild animal carcasses
Game hunters, taxidermists are at risk

Front 24

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Neisseria spp.

Back 24

Normal oral flora (outside of the gum line)
Colonize teeth

Front 25

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Coxiella burnetii

Back 25

Q Fever
Common in livestock
Can be transmitted in unpasteurized milk

Front 26

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Bordetella pertussis

Back 26

Whooping cough
Vaccine available

Front 27

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Francisella tularensis

Back 27

Tularemia (flu-like symptoms)
Present on wild animal carcasses
Game hunters, taxidermists are at risk

Front 28

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Coxiella burnetii

Back 28

Q Fever
Common in livestock
Can be transmitted in unpasteurized milk

Front 29

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Pseudomonads

Back 29

Motile rods
Common in soil and water, many are psychrophilic (cooler temps), can grow in antiseptic sand frequently resistant to antibiotics.
May excrete a water soluble pigment and some fluoresce.

Front 30

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Pseudomonads: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Back 30

Common infection in burn victims and open wounds, lungs of individuals with cystic fibrosis, produces a blue-green water soluble pigment, resistant to many antibiotics
Has a distinct smell

Front 31

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Pseudomonads: P. fluorescens

Back 31

Found in soil
Yellow green pigment
Common in lab contaminant

Front 32

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Legionella pneumophilia

Back 32

Legionellosis
Common in stagnant water, humidifiers, water cooling apparatus
Requires additional iron in media
Pneumonia-like symptoms
Elderly seem most susceptible

Front 33

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Back 33

Gonorrhea
Diplococcus (very distinguishable)
Symptoms are very obvious and are treatable

Front 34

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: N. meningitidis

Back 34

Meningococcal meningitis (inflammation of the meninges)
Vaccine provides protection against 4 types (including 2 of the 3 most common types in the U.S.)
Usually contracted by close contact with others

Front 35

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Neisseria spp.

Back 35

Normal oral flora (outside of the gum line)
Colonize teeth

Front 36

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Bordetella pertussis

Back 36

Whooping cough
Vaccine available

Front 37

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Francisella tularensis

Back 37

Tularemia (flu-like symptoms)
Present on wild animal carcasses
Game hunters, taxidermists are at risk

Front 38

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Coxiella burnetii

Back 38

Q Fever
Common in livestock
Can be transmitted in unpasteurized milk

Front 39

Gram Negative, Aerobic, Rods and Cocci: Acetobacter spp.

Back 39

Found in the soil
Convert ethanol to vinegar

Front 40

Endospore-forming, Gram Positive Rods and Cocci:

Back 40

Found in soil and animal intestings. Spores can be found anywhere!

Front 41

Endospore-forming, Gram Positive Rods and Cocci: Bacillus species

Back 41

aerobes

Front 42

Endospore-forming, Gram Positive Rods and Cocci: Bacillus anthracis

Back 42

anthrax, may be cutaneous, respiratory or intestinal (rare)

Front 43

Endospore-forming, Gram Positive Rods and Cocci: Bacillus cereus

Back 43

-food poisoning,
-spores survive cooking then germinate and multiply

Front 44

Endospore-forming, Gram Positive Rods and Cocci: Bacillus thuringiensis

Back 44

-insect pathogen
-natural insecticide used against caterpillars
-toxin produced is easily washed off and not harmful to humans
-sporelate without O2

Front 45

Endospore-forming, Gram Positive Rods and Cocci: Clostridium species

Back 45

obligate anaerobes, produce powerful toxins

Front 46

Endospore-forming, Gram Positive Rods and Cocci: Clostridium tetani

Back 46

-tetanus
-severe muscle spasms
-vaccine contains inactivated toxoid
-booster every 10 years

Front 47

Endospore-forming, Gram Positive Rods and Cocci: Clostridium botulinum

Back 47

-botulism
-most dangerous foodborne toxin
-associated with improperly canned food and smoked fish
-flaccid muscle paralysis

Front 48

Endospore-forming, Gram Positive Rods and Cocci: Clostridium perfringens

Back 48

-gas gangrene
-skin will feel spongy with crackling consistency due to gas pockets

Front 49

Endospore-forming, Gram Positive Rods and Cocci: Clostridium Difficile

Back 49

-associated with diarrhea that develops after the use of broad spectrum antibiotics

Front 50

Nonsporing, gram positive rods: Lactobacillus spp.

Back 50

-normal human body flora
-used in dairy products such as yogurt, sour cream, and buttermilk

Front 51

Nonsporing, gram positive rods: Listeria monocytogenes

Back 51

-meningitis in newborns acquired from asymptomatic mothers during vaginal delivery
-listeriosis via ingestion of raw mile products
-immunosuppressed patiens are at the greatest risk

Front 52

Nonsporing, gram positive rods: Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Back 52

-diptheria
-only certain strains make the toxin that causes the disease
-typically pleomorphic- "ditheroids"

Front 53

Nonsporing, gram positive rods: Propionbacterium acnes

Back 53

-associated with acne
-obligate anaerobes
-typically pleomorphic
-described as diptheroids

Front 54

Actinomycetes

Back 54

filamentous (branching) rods

Front 55

Actinomyceces israelii

Back 55

-normal oral flora
-involved in demineralization of tooth enamel

Front 56

Streptomyces spp.

Back 56

-found in soil
-creates musty odor
-2nd antibiotic-streptomycin

Front 57

Anaerobic, Gram Negative Rods and Cocci: Veillonella spp.

Back 57

normal oral flors
-involved in forming dental plaque
-get this when flossing

Front 58

Anaerobic, Gram Negative Rods and Cocci: Bacteroides fragilis

Back 58

-normal flora of oral cavity, intestines, genital tract and upper respirtatory tract
-can be found in blood infections

Front 59

Anaerobic, Gram Negative Rods and Cocci: Fusobacterium spp.

Back 59

-normal oral flora
-found in dental abscesses

Front 60

Mycoplasmas

Back 60

-Pleomorphic due to the lack of cell walls
-smallest free living cells
-cannot be seen with a light microscope
-may become intracellular thus avoiding the body's immune system

Front 61

Mycoplasmas pneumoniae

Back 61

-Atypical "walking" pneumonia
-usually self-limiting
-many other mycoplasma species are being isolated in AIDS patients

Front 62

Ureaplasma ureslyticum

Back 62

-found as normal flora of 60% sexually active women
-can cause urethritis

Front 63

Mycobacteria:

Back 63

aerobic, non-sporing, non-motile, pleomorphic rods, acid fast (contain mycolicacids in their cell walls), may exhibit filamentous growth, pigmentation is important for identification (blue or purple)

Front 64

Mycobacteria leprae

Back 64

leprosy
-impossible to culture in vitro

Front 65

Mycobacteris tuberculosis

Back 65

TB
-transmitted by aerosol
-increasing incidences

Front 66

Mycobacteris bovis

Back 66

-in cattle
-can transmit to humans
-reason for pasteurization

Front 67

Rickettsias and Chlamydias

Back 67

Obligate intracellular parasites
-have DNA and RNA and can synthesize own proteins and are sensitive to antibiotics
-too small to view with a common light microscope

Front 68

Rickettsias

Back 68

coccoid shaped
vector required
-rickettsias invovled in diseases have symptoms of rashes, high fevers and bad headaches

Front 69

Rickettsia rickettsia

Back 69

Rocky mountain spotted fever
-vector is a tick
-must be attached for a length of time to transmit disease

Front 70

Rickettsia prowazekii

Back 70

EPIDEMIC typhus
-vector-lice

Front 71

Rickettsia typhi

Back 71

murine (mouse) ENDEMIC typhus
-vector: fleas on rats

Front 72

Erlichia spp

Back 72

tickborne erlichiosis

Front 73

Chlamydias

Back 73

-coccoid shape
-no vector
-direct transmission

Front 74

Chlamydia psittaci

Back 74

ornithosis or psittacosis (Parrot fever)
-zoonosis: disease transmitted form animals to humans

Front 75

Chlamydia trachomatis

Back 75

-ocular infections (conjunctivitis)
-common STD

Front 76

Facultatively, Anerobic, Gram Negative, Rods:

Back 76

-found in soil, plant, animal intestinal tracts

Front 77

Facultatively, Anerobic, Gram Negative, Rods: Enterics

Back 77

part of normal intestinal flora
-all can potentially cause gastrointestinal disease

Front 78

Facultatively, Anerobic, Gram Negative, Rods: Enterics: coliforms

Back 78

-enteric bacteria
-presence in water supply indicates fecal contamination and therefore potential pathogen presence
-to be safe for drinking water must contain average of less than one coliform per 100 ml.

Front 79

Facultatively, Anerobic, Gram Negative, Rods: Enterics: coliforms: Escherichia Coli (E. Coli)

Back 79

-some strains are motile
-comon cause of travelers diarrhea
-UTIs
-meningitis
-blood infections
-different strains produce plasmid encoded toxins
-E. Coli O157:H7-hemorrhagic colitis, can lead to kidney failure

Front 80

Facultatively, Anerobic, Gram Negative, Rods: Enterics: coliforms: Klebsiella pneumoniae

Back 80

-non-motile
-blood infections
-UTIs
-pneumonia

Front 81

Facultatively, Anerobic, Gram Negative, Rods: Enterics: coliforms: Proteus spp.

Back 81

-highly motile
-UTIs
-have flagella all the way around

Front 82

Facultatively, Anerobic, Gram Negative, Rods: Enterics: coliforms: Enterobacter spp.

Back 82

-UTIs
-nothing distinguishable about this species

Front 83

Facultatively, Anerobic, Gram Negative, Rods: Not Enterics: Serratia marcescens

Back 83

-red-orange pigment at 25-30 C
-UTIs
-wounds
-nosocomial infections

Front 84

Facultatively, Anerobic, Gram Negative, Rods: Not Enterics: Shigella spp.

Back 84

-humans are the only hosts
-usually in preschoolers and nursing home residents
-spread by fecal to oral route
-bacillary dysentary (human fecal contamination)

Front 85

Facultatively, Anerobic, Gram Negative, Rods: Not Enteric: salmonella typhi

Back 85

-typhoid fever
-human sewage contaminated water
-can colonize the gallbladder and the human becomes the carrier

Front 86

Facultatively, Anerobic, Gram Negative, Rods: Not Enteric: othe salmonella spp

Back 86

-spread by contamination of food or water with animal feces
-mostly acquired by poultry consumption and uncooked eggs

Front 87

Facultatively, Anerobic, Gram Negative, Rods: Not Enteric: Yersinia entercolitica

Back 87

-animals are the source
-transferred by the fecal -oral route
-diarrhea with fever and abdominal pain
-may resemble appendicitis
-can survive refridgeration

Front 88

Facultatively, Anerobic, Gram Negative, Rods: Not Enteric: Yersinia pestis

Back 88

-Causes Bubonic Plague
-carried by fleas
-Endemic (always present) in the southwest U.S.
-can be inhaled-pneumonic plague

Front 89

Facultatively, Anerobic, Gram Negative, Rods: Not Enteric: pasteurella multocida

Back 89

-zoonotic
-from cat or dog bite/scratch
-present in their saliva

Front 90

Facultatively, Anerobic, Gram Negative, Rods: Not Enteric: Hemophilus influenzae

Back 90

-normal respiratory tract flora
-opportunistic pathogen
-meningitis in children
-earaches
-pneumonia

Front 91

Facultatively, Anerobic, Gram Negative, Rods: Not Enteric: Erwinia carotovora

Back 91

-plant pathogen
-causes soft rot in fruits
-can resist drying and survive in the air or on surfaces

Front 92

Staphylococcus aureus

Back 92

-can be normal flora on skin or nasal passageways
-different strains produce different toxins
-toxins are heat stable
-#1 nosocomial infection
-Penicillin, methicillin and vancomycin resistant strains.
-TSS, wound infections, food poisoning
-MRSA: Methicillin resistant S. Aureus

Front 93

S. epidermidis

Back 93

-normal flora on skin
-can be a problem with catheters or any tube running into or out of the body
-difficult to treat with antibiotics

Front 94

Streptococcus pyogenes

Back 94

-group A beta-hemolytic
-causes "strep throat"
-necrotizing fasciitis and scarlet fever

Front 95

S. agalactiae

Back 95

-group B, beta hemolytic
-causes neonatal meningitis
-aquired during delivery
-25% of women carry this strep vaginally

Front 96

S. Faecalis (enterococcus: part of flora)

Back 96

-group D
-alpha, gamma hemolysis
-normal intestinal flora
-UTI, endocarditis, gall bladder infections

Front 97

S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus)

Back 97

-no lancefield antigen
-alpha hemolysis
-common flora in upper respiratory tract
-major cause of bacterial pneumonia (different from S. viridans)
-vaccine available

Front 98

S. viridans

Back 98

-no lancefield antigen
-alpha hemolysis
-normal flora of the nasal, pharynx, ad oral cavities
-infection caused by dental manipulations
-can cause farther heart valve damgage

Front 99

S. mutans

Back 99

-adheres to tooth enamel and inititates erosion and decay.

Front 100

Beta hemolysis

Back 100

toxin completly lyses RBCs in sheep blood agarr leaving a clear zone in media surrounding the growth

Front 101

Alpha hemolysis

Back 101

toxin partially lyse RBCs leaving a greenish discoloration in the media around the growth.

Front 102

Gamma hemolysis

Back 102

-no toxin
-no hemolysis
-no chang in media surrounding growth

Front 103

Lancefield antigens

Back 103

based on carbohydrates found in cell wall.
->25 species given letter names but only 5 are significant pathogens and belong to groups A, B, and D
-othe two significant strep pathogens dont have the carbohydrates and therefore are simply called by their species name.

Front 104

Taxonomy

Back 104

the science of classification
goal of showing relationships among organisms

Front 105

nomenclature

Back 105

system of names used for biological organisms

Front 106

phenotype

Back 106

observable characteristics

Front 107

genotype

Back 107

DNA sequence or actual genes present
-includes plasmids

Front 108

phylogeny

Back 108

evolutionary relationships between organisms
-used to be phenotypic now it is genotypic

Front 109

3 domains

Back 109

-since 1990
-Eukary
-Bacteria
-Archaea

Front 110

Classifiaction Hierarchy

Back 110

Domain Bacteria
Kingdom Monera
Division (not phylum)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
-strain or biotype

Front 111

Bacterial species

Back 111

two organisms are considered to be the same species if their hereditary material is 70% identical or if experienced researchers in the field proclaim the members of the same group to be a species by mutual consent
-In animal and plant world a species is a group of organisms that interbreed with one another and produce fertile offspring

Front 112

International Code for Nomencalture of Bacteria

Back 112

try to use a name that is descriptive
-species name is binomial and italicized or underlined
-contain type strains: serve as standards of the characteristics for each species

Front 113

American Type Culture Collection

Back 113

founded in 1925 by a committee of microbiologists located in Rockville, Maryland
-largest type collection of microbes in the world

Front 114

Strains of biotype

Back 114

-members of a species that differs from the standard by at least one charactersitic

Front 115

Domain Archaea

Back 115

-prokaryotes
-distinctive from the bacteria as they are from the Eukaryotes
-oldest life forms on earth
-thought to be primitive bacteria that never evolved
-at least as abundant as bacteria
-found in extreme environments
-lipids in their cell membranes
-distinctive RNA
-DO NOT HAVE peptidoglycan in their cell walls

Front 116

Halobacteria

Back 116

-found in high-salt environments
-have ability to obtain light energy by a mechanism that is different that photosynthesis

Front 117

Extreme thermophiles

Back 117

-live extremely high temps
-associated with extreme acid environments
-depend on sulfur in their metabolism
-produce sulfuric acid as an end-product

Front 118

Methanogens

Back 118

-strict anaerobic bacteria found in swamps, sewage, and other areas of decomposing matter
-found in animal intestinal tracts
-reduce carbon dioxide to methane gas
-methane gas is highly flammable