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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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bacteria are ANTIGENIC, what does that mean ?
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they are recognized by the immune system
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prok vs euk, which one is bigger ?
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EUK is BIGGER
EUK-->more than 5 micro meters PROK-->0.5 to 3 micro meters |
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which one has a nucleus ?
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EUK has a nucleus, and nuclear membrane
PROK has a nucleoid, and NO membrane |
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chromosomes ? how many ?
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EUK has MANY
PROK has SOME, and they are either CIRCULAR or LINEAR |
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cytoplasmic DNA ?
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EUK-->mitochondria
PROK-->plasmid |
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introns ?
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EUK-->introns within the gene
PROK-->NO introns |
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cytronic ?
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EUK-->monocistronic
PROK-->Polycistronic |
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which one has post translational mods ? what are they ?
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EUKaryotes
Poly A-->3 end Cap-->5 end |
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which one is more stable ?
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EUK
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first amino acid ?
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EUK-->Methionene
PROK-->Formylated Methionene |
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Ribosomes ?
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EUK--> 40 + 60 = 80
PROK--> 50 + 30 = 70 |
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Metronidazole ? its mechanism...
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-Antibiotic
-turns into its active state inside the body, by ANaerobes -reduced by ferredoxin -then incorporates it self into the DNA |
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Quinolones/Flouroquinolones ? mechanism...or what do they bind to specifically ?
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-Antibiotic
-bind to DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase 1 |
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so Metronidazole and Quinolones/Flouroquinolones, inhibit what in general ?
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they INHIBIT DNA METABOLISM
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Rifampin ?
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-inhibits initiation of transcription
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Cell Wall Synthesis
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-Beta Lactams
-Vancomycin -Isoniazid -Ethambutol -Cycloserine -Ethionamide -Bacitracin -Polymyxin |
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Antimetabolites
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-Sulfonamides
-Dapsone -Trimethoprim -Para-aminosalicyclic acid |
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Protein Synthesis (30S)
(bactericidal) -inhibit peptide chain elongation |
-Aminoglycosides
-Tetracyclines |
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Protein Synthesis (50S)
(bacteriostatic and reversible) -blocks formation of peptide bonds |
-Chloramphenicol
-Macrolides -Clindamycin -Linezolid -Quinupristin-dalfopristin |
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RNA synthesis
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-Rifampin
-Rifabutin |
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inhibit DNA Replication
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-Quinilones
-Metronidazole -Clofazimine |
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PROK vs EUK, which one has cytoplasmic structures, Mitochondria, Golgi Bodies, and ER ?
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EURKARYOTES have all of these
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which one has a CELL WALL ?
what is it made of ? |
PROKARYOTES, made of Peptidoglycan
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what kind of Reproduction do PROK's and EUK's have ?
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EUK-->sexual, asexual
PROK-->binary fission |
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what do PROK's and EUK's use for moevement/transportation ?
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EUK's-->complex flagellum
PROK-->simple flagellum |
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where does Respiration take place in both ?
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EUK-->mitochondria
PROK-->cytoplasmic membrane |
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what are some of the challenges face by microorganisms in their environment ?
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-nutrition
-colonization-->with in the host -resistance to damaging agents, getting away without being killed -osmotic stress -temperature |
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what are some of the ways to classify bacteria ?
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-size shape-->morphology
-the way they are stained -metabolic properties -antigenic properties -genetic properties |
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what are the colors gram POS and gram NEG stain ?
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gram PPPos-->PPPurple
gram NEG-->Red |
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what are some of the functions of the cell wall ?
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-rigidity
-protection -inhibiting phagocytosis -induce fever -stimulate immune response |
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what structure serves as PERMEABILITY barrier ?
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-OUTER MEMBRANE
-CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE |
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what do PORINS and PERMEASES do ?
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-play a role in METABOLIC UPTAKE
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-flagella ?
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-motility/movement
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-PILI ?
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-CONJUGATION/ADHERENCE
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-TECHOIC ACID ?
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-ATTACHMENT to HOST CELL RECEPTORS
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Capsule, M proteins ?
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-ESCAPE from host immune recognition
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-if you lack a call wall what are you called ?
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-MYCOPLASMA
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-these are structures of cell wall of gram POS
-Peptidoglycan -Techoic acid what are they composed of chemically ? |
-Peptidoglycan-->chains of NAG and NAM
-Techoid acid-->polymer or POLYRIBITOL or glycerol phosphate, cross linked to peptidoglycan |
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do hydroPHOBIC compound go through gram POS cell walls easily ?
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NO, gram POS cell wall IMPEDES hydroPHOBIC compounds
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gram POS cell wall and bile salts
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RESISTANT to BILE SALTS
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what are PERSISTERS ?
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they just STOP GROWNING, but they do NOT LYSE
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what enzyme do BETA-LACTAMS INHIBIT ?
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-TRANSPEPTIDASE
-PBP |
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Techoic Acids
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-surface ANTIGENS
-VIRULENCE factors -initiate ENDOTOXIN like activity |
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VANCOMYCIN
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inhibits ADDITION of NAM and NAG and TETRAPEPTIDE to growing chain
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BACITRACIN
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inhibits REGENERATION of LIPID CARRIER
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compared to peptidoglycan in gram POS, how is it in gram NEG ?
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THINNER in gram NEG
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what does PERIPLASMIC space have ?
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enzymes involved in:
-transport -degradation -synthesis |
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what proteins are in gram NEG cell wall /
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-porins
-lipoprotein -transport proteins |
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LPS
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ENDOTOXIN
-has Lipid A portion-->involved in TOXICITY -core -and O antigen-->antigenic properties |
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Salmonella -->
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DISSENTERY
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ENDOTOXIN ONLY released by...
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DEAD BACTERIA
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Spheroplast
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cell wall has been almost completely removed
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Mg and Ca ions...
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hold membrane together
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Protoplast
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NO PEPTIDOGLYCAN
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Acid fast bacteria
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Peptidoglycan + Arabinogalactan
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Trehalose
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responsible for the symptoms u get in T.B.
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Typhoid fever and Widal test...
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look for antibodies to flagellar antigens and O antigens
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E.Coli and UTI, because of what structure ?
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PILI !
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endospores
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highly resistant structures
-can survive in bad conditions -seen in Clostridium and Bacillus -calcium dipicolinate-->resistance |
