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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Cells
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The most basic unit of life
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Diffusion
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Through membrane, Works
for small molecules like gas |
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Osmosis
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diffusion of water through the
membrane |
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Phagocytosis
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cell eating
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Peptidoglycan
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a complex polysaccharride found in the cell walls of bacteria
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Mycolic Acid
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cord factor in atypical cell wall, pathogenicity, basis for acid-fast stain.
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Nucleoid
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dense area that contains DNA coiled around a protein
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Inclusion Bodies
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allow the cell to store nutrients and macromolecules. some are used for identification of bacteria
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endospores (prokaryotes)
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highly durable cells with thick walls. can go dormant. very hard to kill
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hyphea
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long, filamentous shape in molds
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saprobes/saprophytes
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fungi that live off of dead organic matter
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trophozoite
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protozoa in their motile feeding stage
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cyst
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protozoa enter a dormant resting stage when conditions are unfavorable for growth & feeding
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conjugation
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to reproduce sexually
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naked virus
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non-enveloped virus.
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enveloped virus
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forms envelope from budding out of host cell membranes and taking some of the membrane with it.
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which microbes are eukaryotes?
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Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals
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which microbes are prokaryotes?
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Bacteria & Archaea
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what are yeasts considered? (prokaryotic/eukaryotic)
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eukaryotic
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what are chlamydia considered? (prokaryotic/eukaryotic)
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prokaryotic
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what are mycoplasma considered? (prokaryotic/eukaryotic)
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prokaryotic
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cytoplasm (eukaryotes)
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substance inside of plasma membrane and outside of nucleus.
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cytosol (eukaryotes)
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liquid or fluid portion of the cell, also contains structural support in the form of the cytoskeleton.
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nucleus (eukaryotes)
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command and control center of the cell
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nuclear envelope (eukaryotes)
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double membrane that surrounds the nuclear surface
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ribosomes (eukaryotes)
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"read" RNA and translate them into proteins.
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endoplasmic reticulum (eukaryotes)
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extensive system of internal membranes made by folding the plasma membrane
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rough ER (eukaryotes)
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used for protein synthesis, embedded ribosomes.
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Smooth ER (eukaryotes)
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aids in manufacture of carbohydrates and lipids.
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Golgi complex (eukaryotes)
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-Modify molecules
-Packages molecules in vacuoles -Distribute the molecules to the end destination |
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lysosomes (eukaryotes)
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the stomach of the cell. digests proteins, carbs, and fats.
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lysosomes play a role in what?
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decomposition
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lysosomes are found in what cells?
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animal cells
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what is the acidic environment that degrades lysosomes?
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pH of 5
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peroxisomes are responsible for what process after death?
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autolysis
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how is decomposition different from putrefaction?
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putrefaction involves microbes
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peroxisomes (eukaryotes)
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small organelles that contain oxidases and catalase, functions in fatty acid oxidation.
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mitochondria (eukaryotes)
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cellular powerhouses, sites for chemical reactions, makes ATP for the cell to use.
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mitochondria break the _________ bonds in sugars
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covalent
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chloroplasts are only found in _________ & many __________ cells.
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plant & many protist cells
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central vacuoles are only found in what kind of cells?
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plant cells
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centrioles are only found in ___________ cells.
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animal cells
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fimbriae
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hair-like appendages usually covering the surface of cell. helps with adherence to surfaces and other cells
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flagella
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long filamentous appendage that propels the bacterium. Allows bacteria to move toward or away from some stimulus.
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monotrichous
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single flagellum at one end
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Lophotrichous
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small bunches of flagellum arising from one end of cell
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Amphitrichous
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Flagella at both ends of cell
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Peritrichous
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Flagella dispersed over surface of cell; slowest.
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Atrichous
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No flagella
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Pili
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longer than fimbriae, only a few per cell. They allow cells to pass DNA from one cell to another.
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bacteria cells secrete ___________ on their surface in either a capsule or a sticky slime layer |
glycocalyx
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function of glycocalyx
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facilitates attachment to surfaces, aids in formation of biofilms, protects bacterium from drying out and from phagocytosis.
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bacteria cell wall
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semi-rigid, composed of peptidoglycan.
Maintains cell shape and keeps cell from rupturing when water pressure inside is greater than outside |
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why is the cell wall a good target for antimicrobial agents?
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because eukayotic cells do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls
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gram positive cell walls
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-THICK peptidoglycan layer.
-one cell membrane -stain purple using gram stain. -teichtoic acids. |
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gram negative
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-THIN peptidoglycan layer
-two cell membranes (inner and outer) -lipopolysaccharides in outer membrane -stain pink using gram stain |
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chloroplasts are unique to ____________
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plants
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chloroplasts contain a pigment called ______________
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chlorophyll
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chlorophyll is responsible for...
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gathering energy from light during photosynthesis.
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eukaryotic cells that are NOT plants, but still contain chloroplast...
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some protozoa and algae
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functions of the center vacuole in plant cells...
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stores water, ions, nutrients and wastes.
regulates turgor pressure through osmosis. |
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Diplococci
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cells remain in pairs
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streptococci
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cells remain attached in chains
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Tetrads
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four cells in one plane (flat)
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sarcinae
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eight cells in two planes (cube-shaped)
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staphylococci
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many cells in many planes
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diplobacilli
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cells remain in pairs after replication
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streptobacilli
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cells remain in chains after replication
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palisades
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partially fused to the mother cell after replication.
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coccobacillus
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intermediate shape between cocci and bacillus
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the phospholipid bilayer of a eukaryotic cell is the _____________
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plasma membrane
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the three shapes of bacteria
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1. cocci
2.bacillus 3. spiral |
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cocci is a _________ shape
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spherical
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bacillus is a _______ shape.
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rod
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vibrios
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curved rods
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spirichetes
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helical and flexible
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spirilla
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helical, corkscrew shapes
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atypical cell walls
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Lack typical cell wall structure.
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What cellular structure is stained in a Gram Stain?
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gram positive and gram negative cell walls
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What cellular structure is stained in the acid-fast stain?
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atypical cell walls
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what bacteria are stained using the acid-fast stain?
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mycobacterium and nocardia
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why are mycoplasma unique?
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they have no cell walls, no peptidoglycan not affected by penicillin
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rickettsia are transmitted through ___________ and are what kind of parasite?
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-arthropods
-obligate intracellular parasite |
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Coxiella burnetii, which causes _________, is transmitted by ________&________ and forms ___________.
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-Q Fever
- contaminated raw milk & aerosols - spores |
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chlamydia causes _____ in the US and ________ in 3rd world countries.
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-STDs
-blindness |
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coxiella burnetii is NOT transmitted by _______________.
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insects
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fungi reproduce asexually using ______________ &_____________(spore names), budding and mitosis.
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1. Conidia
2. sporangiospores |
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what are the three fungal sexual spores?
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1. zygospores
2. ascospores 3. basidospores |
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viruses contain EITHER ______ or _______
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DNA or RNA
(living cells contain both) |
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