Microbiology For Mortuary Science - Final Study Guide

Front 1

Antibodies are also known as

Back 1

Immunoglobulins

Front 2

Glycoprotein substances produced by the body in response to specific antigens.

Back 2

Antibodies/Immunoglobulins

Front 3

The body recognizes cells by certain characteristics of the cell known as

Back 3

Antigens

Front 4

A foreign substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies

Back 4

Antigen

Front 5

is a marker on every cell, including invading pathogens, by which the body recognizes unknown cells or disease-causing organisms

Back 5

Antigens

Front 6

Antibodies are found in:

Back 6

mucous secretions of the respiratory, genital and digestive tracts.

Front 7

-destroys pathogens by neutralizing toxins the pathogen produces
-coating the pathogen with a substance that attracts phagocytes.
-forming a substance that clumps the antigens together
-preventing the pathogen from adhering to the body's cell.

Back 7

Antibodies

Front 8

Process of forming a substance that clumps the antigens together

Back 8

Agglutination

Front 9

Diseases that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another.

Back 9

Communicable Disease

Front 10

the state or condition in which the body, or part of the body, is invaded by a pathogenic agent, that under favorable conditions, multiples and produces injurious effects

Back 10

Infection

Front 11

When infections occur because certain conditions are met, these conditions are known as

Back 11

Chain of Infection

Front 12

There are how many steps in the Chain of Infection

Back 12

6

Front 13

The first step in the Chain of Infection is

Back 13

Causative Agent

Front 14

Causative Agent is

Back 14

any pathogenic microorganism

Front 15

Second step in the Chain of Infection is

Back 15

Reservoir or source

Front 16

a natural habitat of a disease-causing organism

Back 16

Reservoir

Front 17

A pathogen must have _______ in which it can survive

Back 17

Reservoir

Front 18

third step in the Chain of Infection

Back 18

Portal of Exit

Front 19

When the pathogen exits the reservoir, it is known as this

Back 19

Portal of Exit

Front 20

What are the five portals of entry or exit

Back 20

-skin and mucous membranes
-respiratory tract
-digestive tract
-genitourinary tract
-placenta

Front 21

fourth step in the Chain of Infection

Back 21

Method of transmission

Front 22

When the pathogen is transmitted to a new host, it is known as

Back 22

Method of transmission

Front 23

what are the two modes of transmission and what are they

Back 23

Direct: physical contact, droplet infection, congenital transmission

Indirect: food, milk, fomites, water, soil, biological vectors, mechanical vectors

Front 24

the fifth step in the Chain of Infection

Back 24

Portal of Entry

Front 25

When a pathogen enters a new host through one of its "portals of entry" , this is known as

Back 25

Portal of Entry

Front 26

sixth and final step in the Chain of Infection

Back 26

Susceptible host

Front 27

When the new host becomes ill from the disease if the proper conditions are met, this is known as what

Back 27

Susceptible host

Front 28

the ability to produce pathological changes and diseases is known as

Back 28

Pathogenicity

Front 29

the relative power and degree of pathogenicity possessed by organisms to produce disease

Back 29

Virulence

Front 30

sum total of body mechanisms that interpose barriers to the progress of invasion, multiplications of infectious agents, or damage by their toxic products

Back 30

Resistance

Front 31

organism from which a parasite obtains its nourishment

Back 31

Host

Front 32

a organism that is capable of producing disease is known as

Back 32

pathogen

Front 33

Diseases caused by infectious pathogens are spread through what 3 sources of infection

Back 33

-Animals or person ill of the infection
-Chronic animal or human carriers
-Environment

Front 34

one of the most important and effective barriers against infection is

Back 34

human skin

Front 35

the majority are free-living organisms with no disease-causing potential in humans, but certain ones do, what are they

Back 35

Protozoa

Front 36

There are more what in the world than any other microorganism, and they also play and important role in consuming both bacteria and multicellular organisms

Back 36

Protozoa

Front 37

the ability of body to recognize the invader and effectively defend itself

Back 37

Immunity

Front 38

what are the two ways to characterize immunity

Back 38

-Specific immunity
-Non-specific immunity

Front 39

what does NOT identify specific pathogens, and can be further divided into physical barriers, and body's inflammatory processes.

Back 39

Non-specific immunity

Front 40

Non-specific immunity is usually broken down into 2 what

Back 40

Lines of Defense

Front 41

In the 1st Line of Defense, what are the two barriers to prevent microbes from entering the body

Back 41

-Mechanical Barriers
-Chemical Weapons

Front 42

In the Mechanical barriers of the First Line of Defense against infection, what are the physical barriers that make up the large part of this catergory

Back 42

skin, mucous membranes, hair, cilia, tears, and saliva

Front 43

In the Chemical weapons of the First Line of Defense, what is the name of the oil that is produced by the sebaceous glands in the skin

Back 43

Sebum

Front 44

What does Sebum do as its Line of Defense

Back 44

lowers PH of skin and inhibits growth of some microbes

Front 45

In the Chemical weapons of the First Line of Defense, what contain Lysozyme, which kills some microbes

Back 45

Tears, saliva, seat

Front 46

Sweat also contains _____,which inhibit the growth of some microbes

Back 46

salts

Front 47

what kills microbes which enter the stomach

Back 47

Gastric juices

Front 48

in the 2nd Line of Defense, what are the 4 general reactions to remove microbes that have already entered the body

Back 48

-Compliment system
-Interferon
-Phagocytosis
-Inflammation

Front 49

the Compliment system consists of how many different proteins found in blood plasma

Back 49

20

Front 50

Compliment system responds in 3 ways when activated by microbes, what are they

Back 50

Cell cytolysis, Opsonization, Inflammation

Front 51

What is caused by group proteins called Membrane attack complex

Back 51

Cell cytolysis

Front 52

what punches holes in the cell membrane

Back 52

cell cytolysis

Front 53

What occurs when one of the complement proteins attaches to the outside of the microbe being attacked.

Back 53

Opsonization

Front 54

this protein attacks phagocytes and helps them engulf the microbe

Back 54

Opsonizaiton

Front 55

Some complement proteins can cause

Back 55

Inflammation

Front 56

A _____ main job is Defense against attack by Viruses.

Back 56

Interferon

Front 57

process where WBC use to engulf or eat microbes, can be stimulated by proteins from complement system, products of microbes, and other macromolecules.

Back 57

Phagocytosis

Front 58

what are the four purposes of the inflammatory response

Back 58

-Localize infection
-Prevent spread of pathogens
-Neutralize toxins
-Aid in repair of damaged tissue

Front 59

what is the 2nd category of immunity

Back 59

Specific Immunity

Front 60

Specific immunity is also known as

Back 60

Immune response

Front 61

What identifies a specific pathogen and can be divided into what two types, and what two forms?

Back 61

Specific immunity, Innate & Acquired, Active & Passive

Front 62

Innate Immunity is also known as

Back 62

Natural Immunity

Front 63

a form of immunity due to physical characteristics that can be attributed to biological differences such as race, or sex. (some people are allergic to peanuts, some are not) This type of immunity is known as

Back 63

Innate Immunity/Natural immunity

Front 64

the type of immunity where an individual must either form antibodies to a pathogen personally, or be given antibodies from an alternate source.

Back 64

Acquired Immunity

Front 65

The result of developing a disease and recovering from it, is what type of immunity
(people who contract mumps, will be able to defend themselves against mumps paramyxovirus in the future)

Back 65

Natural Active Immunity

Front 66

the result of placental transfer of antibodies in uterus, or transfer of antibodies in mothers first breast milk, this type of immunity is known as

Back 66

Natural Passive Immunity

Front 67

the immunity received from the result of vaccination

Back 67

Artificial Active Immunity

Front 68

the immunity that results from an injection of antibodies in the form of immune serum

Back 68

Artificial Passive Immunity

Front 69

Specific immunity has 2 characteristics that separate it from Non-specific immunity, what are they

Back 69

-Specificity
-Memory

Front 70

Define Specificity & Memory ( the 2 characteristics of specific immunity)

Back 70

Specificity: ability to recognize one particular type of microbe

Memory: allows the immune system to respond to 2nd encounter with particular microbe in a much stronger way

Front 71

Name the Type of Vaccine:
-contains version of living microbe that has been weakened in the lab so it can't cause disease.

Back 71

Live, Attenuated

Front 72

What vaccine type is the closest thing to a natural infection, making these vaccines good "teachers" of the immune system

Back 72

Live, Attenuated

Front 73

What vaccine often confer lifelong immunity with only one or two doses

Back 73

Live, Attenuated

Front 74

Name the Type of Vaccine:
-produced by killing the disease-causing microbe with chemicals, heat, or radiation. (Killed Vax)

Back 74

Inactivated

Front 75

What vaccine is more stable & safer than live vaccines, because they can't mutate back to their disease-causing state

Back 75

Inactivated

Front 76

This vaccine takes several boosters to maintain immunity, due it stimulating a weaker immune system response than a live vaccine.

Back 76

Inactivated

Front 77

Name the Type of Vaccine:
Instead of entire microbe, these vaccines include only antigens that best stimulate the immune system

Back 77

Subunit

Front 78

Since this type of vaccine only contains essential antigens & not all other molecules of microbe, chances of adverse reactions to vaccine are lower.

Back 78

Subunit

Front 79

this vaccine contains anywhere from 1-20 or more antigens

Back 79

Subunit

Front 80

What are epitopes and what type of vaccine category are they used in

Back 80

very specific parts of the antigen that antibodies or T cells recognize and bond too

Front 81

Name Type of Vaccine:
Used when a bacterial toxin is the main cause of illness

Back 81

Toxoid

Front 82

Immune system learns how fight off natural toxins, when it receives a detoxified toxin, is what type of vaccine used

Back 82

Toxoid

Front 83

After receiving this type of vaccine, the immune system produces antibodies that lock onto & block the toxin

Back 83

Toxoid

Front 84

A detoxified Toxin is called a

Back 84

Toxoid

Front 85

Name the Type of Vaccine:
Made of bacterium that possess an outer coating of sugar molecules called polysaccharides

Back 85

Conjugate

Front 86

This type of vaccine is a is a special type of subunit vaccine, that gets around the polysaccharide probem

Back 86

Conjugate

Front 87

Name the Type of Vaccine:
Dispensed with both the whole organism & its parts & get right down to the essentials, microbes genetic material

Back 87

DNA vaccine

Front 88

this type of vaccine uses the genes that code for those all-important antigens

Back 88

DNA vaccine

Front 89

This type of vaccine evokes strong antibody responses to free-floating antigen to free-floating antigen secreted by cells.

Back 89

DNA vaccine

Front 90

This vaccine type, cant cause disease because it wouldn't contain the microbe, just copies of few genes

Back 90

DNA vaccien

Front 91

This type of vaccine, consist of DNA that is administered directly into the body.

Back 91

DNA

Front 92

Name the Type of vaccine, :
Experimental vaccine similar to DNA vaccines, uses attenuated virus or bacterium introduce microbial DNA to cells.

Back 92

Recombinant

Front 93

When it is refered to the virus or bacterium to used as carrier

Back 93

Recominant

Front 94

The molecules that identify it as foreign, and stimulate the immune system to attack are known as what

Back 94

Antigens

Front 95

What are the two major types of of lymphocyte

Back 95

T Cells & B cells

Front 96

Which cell functions either offensively or defensively

Back 96

T cells

Front 97

What type of cell doesn't attack microbe directly, uses chemical weapons, to eliminate the human cells that have already been affected

Back 97

T cells

Front 98

These types of cells can sense diseased cells that are harboring the microbe

Back 98

Killer T cells

Front 99

These cells latch onto cells and release chemicals that destroy the infected cells & microbes inside

Back 99

Killer T cells

Front 100

These cells defend the body by secreting chemical signals that direct the activity of other immune system cells.

Back 100

Defensive T cells

Front 101

Helper T cells assist in activating who

Back 101

Killer T cells

Front 102

These cells, stimulate and work closely with B cells

Back 102

Helper T cells

Front 103

These cells make & secrete extremely important molecular weapons called antibodies.

Back 103

B cells

Front 104

____ & _____ fit together like a jigsaw puzzle, if their shapes are compatible they bind to each other

Back 104

Antigens, Antibodies

Front 105

When B cells come in contact with their matching microbial antigen, they are divided into many larger cells called

Back 105

Plasma cells

Front 106

These cells secrete mass quantities of antibodies to bind to the microbe

Back 106

Plasma cells

Front 107

What is secreted by B cells that circulate the body & attack microbes that have not infected cells yet.

Back 107

Antibodies

Front 108

What signals macrophages & other defensive cells to come eat the microbe

Back 108

Antibodies

Front 109

Antibodies work with other defensive molecules that circulate in the blood, these are callaed

Back 109

Complement proteins

Front 110

What cells converted microbe-fighting
B cells & T cells, after the body has eliminated the disease.

Back 110

Memory cells

Front 111

what cells can quickly divide into plasma cells & make more antibodies if needed

Back 111

Memory B cells

Front 112

what cells can divide & grow into microbe-fighting army

Back 112

Memory T cells

Front 113

Because of these cells, if re-exposure to infectious microbe, immune system will quickly recognize how to stop infection.

Back 113

Memory cells

Front 114

what teaches immune systems by mimicking a natural infection

Back 114

Vaccines