Microbiology Final

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Salting of meat to prevent spoilage by microorganisms produces surface conditions for these cells best described as

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hypertonic

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the issue of spontaneous generation was finally resolved by

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Pasteur

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facilitated diffusion requires

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permeases

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diaminopimelic acid is the tetrapeptide linking agent in

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gram negative cells

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secretory proteins in procaryotes are usually translated on ribosomes that are

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membrane bound

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teichoic acid is found in the envelope of

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gram positive cells

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mitochondria evolved from

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bacterial symbionts

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penicillin prevents formation of

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pentaglycine

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lysozyme cleaves

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glycosidic bonds

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cells suspended in hypotonic solutions undergo

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plasmoptysis

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bacteria with clusters of flagella at one or both ends is called

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lophotrichous

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which requires energy

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active transport

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mitochondria branch from the tree in the line that gives rise to

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bacteria

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the phylogenetic tree of life has how many major groups of organisms

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3

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procaryotic mRNA differs from eucaryotic in that it is

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polyinformational

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procaryotic DNA is

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circular

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a major advantage for pathogenic bacteria is

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capsules

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archae derive from

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eukaryotic organisms

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autophagic vacuoles derive from

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ER

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ubiquitin aids in

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protein degradation

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phosphorylation of the Che Y indicates

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no MCP binding

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dipeptide binding to procaryotic chemoreceptors cause

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a run

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microtubules are the main component in the structure of

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axonemes

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spore cortex is composed of

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peptidoglycan

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spore formers that grow well in low oxygen tension include

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clostridium

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using organic molecules as the final electron acceptor is called

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fermentation

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bacterial growth curve areas where there is no cell division is the

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lag phase

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sugars for nucleic acid synthesis are provided by

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pentose phosphate pathway

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competitive inhibition results from binding of an inhibitor

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at the active site

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singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide are strong

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oxidizing agents

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oxygen is the final electron acceptor in

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aerobic respiration

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what are standard autoclaving conditions

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121C, 15 psi, 15 min

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anabolism usually requires

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NADP

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a dangerous component of honey is

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clostridium

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campylobacter is a common contaminant of

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chicken

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which requires preformed organic matter to generate ATP

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heterotrophs

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low O2 levels reduce activity of

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TCA cycle

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.2ml of a 10(-6) dilution yielded 39 bacterial colonies on a plate. how many colony forming units were in each ml of the original culture

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19.5x10(7)

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tissue culture media has a unique requirement for

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serum

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RNA transcripts for proteins in cisternal space are

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larger than those coding for cytoplasmic proteins

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chemoautotrophs obtain energy by

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oxidizing inorganic compounds

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aerobic bacteria are capable of surviving in high oxygen concentration by producing enzymes that degrade hydrogen peroxide and

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superoxide

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the Entner Doudoroff Pathway is most often found in

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Gram negative bacteria

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Acetyl-CoA if ATP levels are very high in eucaryotic cells of mammals, is converted into

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fat

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the pentose phosphate pathway produces

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7 carbon sugars, 4 carbon sugars, and reducing power

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compounds produced in glycolysis and the TCA cycle rob metabolic processes of

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carbon

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substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis results in a net gain of

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2 ATP's

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the glyoxylate cycle preserves

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carbon

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catalase reacts with H2O2 to produce

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O2

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high levels of activated CAP indicate that

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lactose is at maximum transport levels coming into the cell

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high levels of cyclic AMP indicate

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lac operon structural gene transcription

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the PEP:PTS system begins with

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enzyme phosphorylation

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during gene repression the active repressor binds to the

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operator

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during induction the regulator gene product is

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inactivated by inducer

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the promoter is adjacent to the

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operator

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most bacterial pathways were constructed using

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auxotrophic mutants

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viral mediated DNA uptake is called

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transduction

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during typical conjugation the F- strain

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always becomes F+

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human papillomavirus is strongly implicated in

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cervical cancer

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structural genes are

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downstream from the promoter

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interrupted phage infection was used to study genetic information by

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hershey and chase

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in icosahedral capsids, the faces are composed of

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hexons

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the 12 vertices in icosahedral viruses are composed of

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pentons

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hershey and chase showed

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that DNA is the carrier of genetic information

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Hfr conjugation never results in F+ conversion because

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the cleavage site for linear DNA production is the middle of the F+ factor gene

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gene induction involves

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inducer binding to repressor

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the most probable cause of cervical cancer is

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papilloamavirus

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DNA fragments are analyzed using

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Southern blot

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naked DNA uptake by cells is called

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transformation

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influenza virus pandemics can be partly attributed to

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segmented RNA

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UV damage to DNA results in

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thymine dimers

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an example of latent viruses is

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chickenpox

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extremophiles survive primarily as a result of

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chaperone proteins

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reverse transcriptase produces

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DNA