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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plasmolysis
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Shrinkage of the plasma membrane away from the cell wall when the bacterium is placed in a hypertonic environment
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Endotoxin
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The lipopolysaccharide that is found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria
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RNA serves to convert the DNA stored in RNA to _____
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Proteins
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Pleomorphic
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Describes bacterial cells that are variable in shape
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Bacillus
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Rod-shaped
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Prokaryotes
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Cells with relatively simple cell morphology that do not had a true membrane-delimited nucleus
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Bacteria with a helical shape
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Spirilla
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First to observe and accurately describe organisms
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van Leeuwenhoek
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Develped a set of criteria that could be used to establish a causative link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease
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Koch
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Arachael plasma membranes
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consist of a lipid monolayer
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Chemotaxis
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Move toward an attractant or away from a repellent
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Who provided evidence needed to discredit the concept of spontaneous generation?
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Redi and Pasteur
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Spontaneous Generation
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concept that living organisms arise from nonliving material
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Shape of Streptococcus sp.
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Chains, spheres
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Scanning electron microscopy is used to reveal
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surface structures
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Transmission electron microscope
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Best visualizes small internal cell structures
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Shape of bacillus anthracis
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rods
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primary stain in gram staining
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Crystal Violet
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Braun's Lipoproteins
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Important in gram negative cells
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Differential staining procedures
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gram stain
acid fast |
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Focal Point
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Point at which the lens focuses parallel beams of light.
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Confocal microscope
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Creates high-resolution 3d images
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Who discovered Penicillin?
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Fleming
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what kind of molecule is CccT?
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Protein
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Peptidoglycan
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NOT a cytoplasmic structure of bacteria
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A complete virus particle
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Virion
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Peplomers
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glycoprotein spikes protruding from the outer surface of viral envelope
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Prions cause:
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Mad Cow and Scrapie
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The simplest viruses contain
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RNA or DNA in a protein coat
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Glycoprotein spikes protruding from the outer surface of viral envelopes function as
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factors needed to bind host cells
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Viral envelopes are composed of
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Proteins
Lipids Carbs |
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Many of the enzymes found in virus particles are:
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involved in the replication of viral nucleic acid
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In which stage to viruses acquire envelope?
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Release
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Prions cause infection of:
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domestic animals
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H and N in H1N1 stand for:
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Hemagglutinin
Neurominidase |
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Most useful in determining viability for viral preparation
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plaque assay
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T/F? most viruses can be cultured using artificial media
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FALSE
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Macronutrients
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K
C Ca O (NOT COBALT) |
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Autotrophs
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organisms that use CO2 as sole source of carbon
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Lithotrophs
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organisms that obtain electrons from the oxidation of inorganic compounds
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Chemoorganotrophs
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use Glucose as energy source
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Phototrophs
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organisms that obtain energy from light
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Major classes of growth factors
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Vitamins
Amino Acids Pyrimidines Purines (NOT DNA) |
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Active Transport
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Brings nutrients into a cell against the concentration gradient
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Facilitated Diffusion
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The movement of molecules across a membrane from a higher concentration to lower concentration with the use of a carrier molecule
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Complex Media
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Media containing some ingredients of unknown chemical composition
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A given medium CAN be both selective and differential
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True
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Isolates pure cultures of bacteria from mixtures
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Streak
Pour Spread (ALL OF THE ABOVE) |
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All bacterial and Archaeal cells are Haploid
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not diploid
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Critical step in septation during bacterial cytokinesis
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Formation of the Z-ring
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Exponential (log)
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phase in which microorgs are most nearly uniform in terms of chemical and physiological properties
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Chemostat
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Open system in which the growth rate is maintained by adding a nutrient (present in limiting quantities) at the same rate that medium containing microorgs is removed
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Psychrophiles
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Organisms that grow well at 0 degrees C and have optimum growth temps of 15 degrees C or lower
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Hypotonic
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When a cell is placed in this solution, water will enter the cell and cause it to burst unless something is done to prevent it
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Barotolerant
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organisms that are not greatly affected by increase pressure
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Organisms that grow near deep sea volcanic vents are likely to be
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thermophiles and barophilic
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Grouping organisms together based on similarity of phenotypes
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Phenetic
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Classification based on evolutionary relationships
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Phylogenetic
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Aquifex
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Member of the bacteria domain whose genome shows it to be the most closely related to archaea
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Deinococcus
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Extremely radiation resistent
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Population descending from a single organism of pure culture isolate
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Strain
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Akinetes
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Dormant, thick-walled cells of Cyanobacteria
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Cyanobacteria
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Carries out oxygenic photosynthesis
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binomial nomenclature
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Genus and Species
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Genetic fingerprinting
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Analysis of genetic relatedness by observing DNA fragmentation patterns resulting from restriction endonuclease cleavage
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Anagenesis
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Small, random genetic changes that occur over generations
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endosymbiosis hypothesis
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mitochondria evolved from the same endosymbiant as the hydrogenosome
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Two Phyla of the Archaea
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Crenarchaeota
Eukaryarchaeota |
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Methanogens can only live in
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Anaerobic environments
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Thermoacidophile
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grow at 88 degrees + and at a pH of 2 and 3
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Clostridium
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can produce ATP via the Strickland reaction
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Gangrene is caused by
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clostridium perfringes
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The photosynthetic membrane of Halobacterium salinarium contains
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bacteriorhodopsin
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Actinomycetes
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Gram +
Source of most currently used antibiotics |
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Sporangiospores
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exospores produced in response to nutrient deprivation
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Actinomyces
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rods with slender filaments.
Oral mucosa. Cause lumpy jaw in cattle and periodontal disease in humans |
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Corynebactrium
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DIPTHERIA and respiratory disease
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Mycobacterium
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TB, leprosy
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Tuberculosis
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1/3 of of world infected
Disseminated vs. latent vs. infected |
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Mycobacterial Walls
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Contain waxes with 60-90 acids.
Consists of the glyolipid trehalose dimycolate |
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Nocardia
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Eats crude oil. Involved in the biodegradation of rubber joins in water and sewage. Named for the guy
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Rhodococcus
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Wideluy distributed in soils and Aquatic habitats. Pesticides.
May reduce sulfur from fuel and reduce air pollution. |
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Propioni bacterium
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Swiss Cheese.
Involved with BO and Acne |
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Streptomycetes
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Scabies - potatoes and beats.
Pathogenetic to humans in skin and bone |
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Heterocysts
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Large spherical cells of cyanobacteria that are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen
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Photosynthetic bacteria
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Green bacteria
Purple bacteria Cyanobacteria |
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The most infectious stage of chlamydiae
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Elementary
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Gram (-) Chlamydiae are:
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Obligate intracellular parasites
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Movement of spirochetes
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Periplasmic flagella
axial filament |
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Spritochetes are the causative agent for
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Lyme Disease
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Primary atypical pneumonia in humans
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mycoplasma pneumonia
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Nitrogen fixation in the hindgut of a termite is carried out by
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Spirochetes
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IgM
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First to show up
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IgG
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Highest concentration
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IgE
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typically involved in allergy attack
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Type I hypersensitivity
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IgE mediated
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Type IV hypersensitivity
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involves delayed cell-mediated immune reactions
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Type II hypersensitivity
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cytolytic or cytotoxic reaction. Results in destruction of host cells
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Type III hypersensitivity
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Formation of immune complexes (arthritis)
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Mycoplasma
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Fried egg appearance
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Absesses and boils associate with
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Staphylcoccus Aureus
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This bacteria produce useful antibiotics
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bacillus
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Listeria
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Food-born infection
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Biological insecticide
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Bacillus thuringiensis
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Hematopoesis
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Blood cell development occurs in the bone marrow of mammals
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Classical Pathway
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Dependent on the formation of antigen-antibody complexes
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Alternate Complement Pathway
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Plays a role in innate immunity
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Lymphocytes are composed of which of the following:
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T Cells
BCells NK Cells |
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Macrophages are derived from
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Monocytes
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Eosinophils decent by:
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releasing cationic proteins and eactive O2 metabolites
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A mature activated B Cell
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Plasma Cell
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Dendritic Cells
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Migrate to the lymphoid tissue after encountering pathogens in the skin
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Monocytes
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Remain in the blood circulation rather than taking up residence
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Natural Killer Cells kill:
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tumor cells and cells infected by microorganisms
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GALT
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Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue
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CD4
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participates in the final recognition with T cell receptor and T cell target cell
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CD8
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Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are distinguished by its presence
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Superantigens cause
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T Cells to overproduce cytokines
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Cyttotoxic cells destroy target cells by
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Perforin pathway
CD95 pathway |
